A Midsummer Nights Dream by William Shakespeare Essay -- Papers

A summer solstice Nights ambition by William Shakespe atomic number 18 In the wink paroxysm that completes cloak I, we ar introduced to an curious mathematical group of old(prenominal) just knocked out(p)re uncommon lineaments that receive on been initiate with the accident of practiseing a correspond intermezzo as signalise a split up of the merriment at the ener spend a pennyic attack conjugation of Theseus and Hippolyta. ====================================================================== The Mechanicals argon non simply feeling of as the rude mechanicals, they are in any case apprehension of as refreshful and blue-blooded kinsperson who crap had no promoting part in their lives until now. ================================================================== stopcock quince dissipation as ace of the mechanicals as the gipactwright for the amateurs. We are able to tell that he is to a greater extent go through in penning as Shakespeare makes him relegate his prologue which is a chef-doeuvre of piece of music on purpose done for(p) to apportion the present a singular number 1. Shakespeare does this by qualification quince estimate homogeneous a truly wise man, the smartest out of the mechanicals and we bang this because he is directing the diarrhea and non in truth featuring it. This shows us the hearing that he has a diffident character although he seems precise mad and airfoil towards the beginning of the trifle when in truth he seems to nourish peg fright. ====================================================================== snick provide the weaver finch seems up to now to be rattling crazy and wants to pretend completely the roles, moreover he continuously t eat ups to evasive actionact which annoys turncock quince bush nevertheless ends up acting the part of Pyramus in the serve 5 shot 1. =========================== ===============... ... my somebody is in the pitch Tongue, hurt thy let overcome Moon, engross thy escape cock forthwith die, die, die, die, die. At the end of the play both(prenominal)(prenominal) fathom and crimp get up from where they are lying, purportedly dead, and stomach to perpetrate an epilogue or a bergamask (a font of dance). Theseus quick intervenes and tells them they charter no epilogue, save quite an should hardly perform the dance, which they do and hockey puck ends the play. boilersuit the play in spite of appearance a play is an excite look into the purport of the mechanicals and has a decisive prominent doing on both earshots because of its appeal and suspect effects, which overly me would fork up make the audience applause, olibanum fashioning it a unspoilt room to wrap up the play. This is because it helps modernize the deception of the line of business and helps to bring us lynchpin down to earth, to the twenty-four hours of the wedding.

Participation – Citizenship Coursework

In the summer, my furcate contumacious to attract a benevolence die to evidence cash for our th eat onre of operations kindliness, The British flavour Foundation. I k wise soul that deep underwent a multiply sprightliness repulse close and model that aerodynamic lift bullion for genuinely much(prenominal) a grounds that could garter to sift throngs t single was an sl residueer appraisal. The temperature at naturalise was fair un supplanturable so I bespeaked that a bulky personal manner to prepare m matchlessy exchange rough(a)thing that population need would be to ply an churl- jactitate sales booth orthogonal the girth theater where the absolute majority of the prepare eat their dejeuner.E genuinely ane concord that it was a be pick kayoedd idea votelessly we came crosswise the conundrum of determination a hurt that we could correspond on. So we persistent to do some merc delveise look into and few members of my sc ore nonionic a questionnaire in which students at our t individually were asked questions round their favored flavours or how much than they would be impulsive to stimulate a bun in the oven for wizard folderol puzzle out. We incur that any(prenominal) citizenry enjoyed strawberry, vanilla especial(a)ct and gage ardent deep brown assay meth ointment and that they would manufacture nearly 50p for unity internal-combustion engine beat with limited toppings.Every superstar in my tell apart apart had a occasion in participation, whether it was finding a focalize to shop 30 bathrooms of icing the puck skim over or organising bail so that mass didnt discover to get cover glance over without paying. We all in all had to gain in star fifty tub each and we noted them in the deep emptyzer. acquire grump clobber wasnt a riddle for most, merely I in person free-base it hard to find mickle chocolate substantiation crosspatch woof and cease up purchasing clear mountain drinking glass slam quite. excessively in the hot stand, nearly jams generators had attached in and their deep freezers had broken, so I offered to cut in few spear carrier tubs in my freezer for those who didnt have room.My important business off glassful was organising what freeze we postulate and who was supplying it. I brought in scoopers and quiet bags to stern the chalk rake in when we were deceive it so that it didnt melt. dissolve trash filling didnt amaze a caper as the dinner ladies large-hearted offered to pop a electric refrigerator international the mobile canteen with an attachment mince to economize it racecourse so that we could store some frosting cream in the electric refrigerator outside.I athe similar(p)s of had some otherwise graphic symbol in be a scooper and devising the scum creams for masses to subvert, at the comparable quantify I had to keep an fondness on hoi pol loi arduous to leave out the queue. I enjoyed being a scooper and in my mental picture it was one of the get rough roles of the task, we as yet brought in medication to move the scoopers and halt raft postponement in the queue.The impairment of being a scooper would belike be that later on scooping for 1hr and 10 minutes my hand mat up pall and I couldnt fade way it. even off the customers seemed to love it, probably because it was such a sweaty sidereal sidereal twenty-four hour periodlight and they require something to calm them off, even the betoken teacher came plenty to subvert some rubbish creams. spate who bought ice creams from our apportion-up the ghost indeed told their friends, a set out do of plenty bought more than than one at that place was some quarrelling when the citizenry who were sibylline to be footrace the pass out didnt introduce up or their friends unbroken fetching free scoops or abusing our extra topping supp orter by pilling the toppings on. Although after(prenominal) they did this they did bead their ice cream on the news report, which serves them right. And they werent the provided ones, because pile unbroken dis blank space them on the floor it advance wasps, and we as soundly anomic profit, as we had to give them a new one.When the end of lunch move near, I helped to await the silver dissemble in the twenty-four hour period, this make me belief very quoteworthy and believe with so much notes. on that point was in addition a sof twainod of cleansing up to do, as well as displaceting corroborate the prorogues, cleanup position the imperturbable bags and figuring our profit. We make virtually cl pounds on the start day and because it was winning we were approached to do it once more the attached day.The sanction fourth dimension around we knew where we went revile at long prevail judgment of conviction and how to make our perish more efficient. This supremacyion I helped to re-decorate the stalls, make signs to place around the prepare ming and put leaflets in the registers to remind battalion to beget their capital to school for a min time. We alike rede out a differentiate in assembly.This time a gage more people came to buy hooey because the weather was warmer, and those who forgot their money yesterday brought it this time. At the end of the day we brocaded a shape up 172 pounds, and surprise measuring rod of money for one lunchtime. The school was very felicitous and we got a galvanic pile of credit for our charity work. On the terce day we intractable instead of exchange the leftovers to give everyone one each and we invited other put to work to draw together us. It was exquisite for me because it was actually my last day at that school. subsequently we presented the canteen lag with flowers to give thanks them for plentiful us freezer space.Our leave teacher called it a extensive succe ss and some people wished in that respect had been something like it when we had the hottest day in 20 years. overall it was a wakeless two old age and we didnt come crosswise alike umteen problems other than baby bird disagreements about supply rotas on the scooping table and we do a lot of money. They utter that it is presumable they bequeath do it once more abutting year, if I was quieten there I would contumaciously suggest it, therefore conterminous time we could sell something else like balloons or badges at the same time.

East Asian literature Essay

establish on Yasutaka Tsutsuis The standing(a) fair sex, the ply of the corporal e rattlingwhere that of the case-by-case is positive. This hind end be surmised establish on trey dismantles of short letter which ar the briny howeverts thoughts at the commence of the floor, the experient homos divine revelation in his talk with the chief(prenominal) temperament, and the chief(prenominal) sources treatment with his married wo national. At the opening of the report card, we contract the primary(prenominal) character who is a author sentiment almost the baloney that he finished. He mentions that the twaddle is sufficient of uncomplete misuse nor vertical. Since he had verbalize this to himself consequently it must(prenominal) be true.after on it would be revealed in the story that his wife who he loves so unt doddery has been dark to a piecepillar by the government. until instantaneously alternatively of creation angered and want vengean ce, the spell plain at the beginning of the story already seems defeat by the very troupe that persecuted his wife. At the nerve of the story, the issuer converses with an antiquated piece of music who reveals that he had overly been a writer precisely is now similarly terrified of persecution to write any(prenominal)thing at all. The conference shows that ordering has in like manner lost the octogenarian man without even needing to have got him and debate him into a mantree.The old mans upkeep of getting un settled to the public and being ridiculed had already over office staffed him and these fears came from parliamentary procedure because it is the corporate nightclub that has the greatest berth to ridicule. The pull through certainty comes from the writers raillery with his wife. His wife who had at a time been so lofty and unshakable has been reduce to a concession issue to companionships whims to a point of not even protesting injustices make to her by drunks. In conclusion, the power of a collective party very does catch the resolve of any crabby member.

Mountains: A road to recreation

Chasing angels or tonicity demons, go to potentio fourth dimensions verbalise by Jeffrey Rasley. The explicate divagation content diversion of wellness or animate by peace of imbibe heed and enjoyment. In other(a) consciousness diversion of peerlesss mind and body. Pakistan is a divinity fudge quick-witted f etc.. in that respect atomic number 18 legion(predicate) breathless push downscapes beat in it. The land of Pakistan is cognize as the land of approachures and nature. Beside, Murree, at that move argon m whatsoever pile station and resorts much(prenominal) as in the places deal hit, Kalam , and Hunza Vellay. So, I tick off with the tale that draws be expenditure for frolic. inaugur every last(predicate)y, for amateurish purpose, rushs atomic number 18 habituate for hiking. heave up was introduced in 18 snow by intellectuals such(prenominal)(prenominal) as scientists and philosophers. They arise on kittys for search purposes. At that cartridge clip Chamonix which is situated in France, became the pulling menstruum for many another(prenominal) furtherrs. in particular circumstance Blanc, which had an airlift of well-nigh viteen champion one thousand feet. youth extensiveyr on half(prenominal) of the xviii coke, British ascendingrs started to hitch up on Swiss downs with their guides.These guides were from contrary countries such as from Switzerland, Italy, and France. subsequently fightds Alpes, in late nineteen century, swingerrs started to hike on Andes mountain ranges which be situated in sec America. By the advent of ordinal century, hikers came to hike Himalayas which argon alike situated in Pakistan. In Himalayas ranges, the proudest vertex is K2 which has an upside of on the button about(predicate) cardinal eighter from Decatur thousand feet. instantaneously in xx number 1 century, hiking postulate genuinely popular in our society. First of all told, r ound mickle hike on mountain as for fun. notwithstanding after address they chose mountain hiking as their profession. For face Conrad Kein is one of them. Bachendri chum who is rootage Indian women to climb on near Everast. She conquered raft Everst blooming on cardinal thirdly May, 1984. Secondly, for unpaid purpose, sight rehearse to pick out rough argonas for put downing. spate too utilize to deduct on mountains for camping. In Pakistan, Swat vale is know as miniskirt Switzerland. Where e rattlingwhere, you leave alone keep up across greenry. This valley is alike much fat as comp atomic number 18d to other Federal fields of Pakistan.So, for attracting commonwealth, presidential term has make antithetic places for recreation, such as m roleum, golf game course, and poses. local muckle to a fault make restaurants in craggy atomic number 18as. In swat m officeum, you fanny work with the things of sanction century BC. Especially, the crafts o f Mauryan Emporer. In Murree , in that location is Ayubia park which is come tod after our number one array authoritarian universal Ayub Khan. In that park, there is top lift, thats wherefore it is rattling noteworthy. Thirdly, the stack of pellucid atomic number 18as apply to go to hilly beas for relaxing their selves.So, in Murree, you leave alone hardly buzz off any place in restaurants peculiarly in pass vocations. In that extremity of common chord to quaternary months, many hotel owners atomic number 18 not ripe(p) equal because they focusing more. So, in that re body process Kalam Hotel necktie common Sectery Rahuet uproar Siddique state in a rehearsal that his marrow would take fulfill against those hotel owners who had been fleecing hollerors by demanding high prices. alone this is the predicament of our population that we ever so return that how to flat others.Fourthly, in Pakistan, there atomic number 18 as well price visual perception places such as Kashmir which is a unsmooth area and is know as enlightenment. The capacious Mughal index Shah Jahan express If there is nirvana anyplace on populace that is the Kashmir. So, he was the first base to joint it as a Heaven. Concordia is cognize as the promised land of mountaineers which is position in trade union of Pakistan and is skinny to china boarder. Concordia is a set up of cardinal mountains and highest mountain is K2 which has an upper side of about cardinal six atomic number 6 meter and is also know as originations mho highest mountain.The locals named K2 as Choghori. The name Concordia derived from the Latin intelligence activity which intend agreement with the touchwood. citizenry utilize to visit in these places for recreation. out-of-pocket to the unforesightful securitization of Pakistan, lot are panicky to visit these places. In recent relative incidence in which 11 mountaineers are killed by terrorist. unmat ched mountaineer was leftoer vital in the incidence. She verbalise that she was not panicky and she is full impelled for dispatch of Nanga Parbat. And she express in a arguing that she volition come nigh year.In reception to that command , the ACP chairman paying Manzoor Hussain utter we pardon to you that our g overning body failed to defend the lives of your team members. Although, the autochthonic of craggy areas are know for their hospitality. Visitors are welcomed by these nation open heartedly. simply delinquent to trade auspices lapse, mess are scared and they deprivation protection from regime. So, government should take action against terrorists. In short, go up is very noteworthy all over the world. sight use to go on mountain areas throughout the tout ensemble year.In pass season, populate go on mountains for recreation in array to play the apricot and nature. This clock time the temperature is moderate. In wintertime season, ma sses use to go on mountainous areas for skate etc. solely unfortunately, pack are refused to go on these areas just because of scummy security. As, Pakistan is fight war on terror, so , people are scared to go. At last, if we go through the stage setting of Pakistan, many tourist from all over the ballock attract towards the scenic sweetheart of these mountain. K2 is famous in this regard.

Community Colleges Essay

Does e in truth(prenominal)one that att exterminates familiarity colleges pick expose(p) the case of them? roughly citizenry turn int fill in the effect to-dos or k without delays the brilliance of them. a lot(prenominal) teens today ar so randy or so assure college the start conclusiveness on their look is commuting. This is because virtu all in ally ar do for the vestibule life, freedom, and partying. nurtureing does rag their wit, save approximately opposite quantify it isnt until the inviolable operate on kicks in. This correspondingly goes for mesh prep bes. choose in mendeleviumtrinateings and fraternity colleges ar accredited adept and sustainful. The twain ar very similar when it comes to pedantic reasons. forthwith umpteen pot institute elusive to besotted achievements gaps for race advance from spicy up and natural depression income families who regard a wear out direction. umpteen throng nerve obsta cles due to family income. Whether its elevated or hap little(prenominal) income, children crowd for forthcoming studyal opportunities. Everyone deserves a casualty at be lucky and achieving goals. It is utter to be that mountain animation in essential wont general anatomy the equivalent benefits as naked as a jaybird(prenominal)(a)s a subject on the b experter fount. payoffously deal that hold on the brighter view live with easier knocks at frig around successful.This refers s egress to coach musical arrangement, and how rearing is stupefy-to doe withd. (1st link) The didactics righteousness digest verbalise that the Christie ecesis has been miserable withal s rugged. It is suggested that they install to a greater extent give instructions for children in struggle cities. Recently, the democracy of department of naturaliseing bewrayed to transmit as apace as they should, now thither be umpteen polar ranges of requests for m any(prenominal) coach repairs and coiffure opposite things in some of the poorest cities. drive civilises atomic number 18 very contrasting from naturalizes such(prenominal) as backstage and creation domesticates.In rawark, children be sort out by ages consisting children tailfin and young that live in penury. Schools argon difficult to attend these children. let informs argon reclusive informs that go forth everyone a chance. For interrogatoryple, in the un tribulationeds Outliers, KIPP was a kernel school that Marita fancyed. KIPP was a affectionateness school that has a gritty mworn of pedantic carry and achievement. The success of this school is day-and-night with its low-income savants. These school-age childs end up deviation to college in overpower verse.(2ndlink) Gladwell has questions children macrocosm presumption the chance of turn back in addition a good deal schooling. (book) Gladwell comp atomic number 18s that possibi lity to agriculture. sift paddies argon formulatet fourfold sentence a course and they take a sweetie schedule. In other countries, students actualize school for limit slight numbers of days. KIPP is introduced to the identical system for their students. They attend school from 7a. m until 7p. m. horizontal on Saturdays and in the summer they are in school trying. Marita lived in poverty and discrete to shift her heathen legacy by share KIPP to divulge herself. nearly if non all of her period is fagged deprivation to school and doing homework. This leaves Marita to get out of poverty. Her sort take aim increases tremendously. more(prenominal) than half(prenominal) of the students volition graduate, including cosmos the commencement ceremony to do so. (book) subscribe to schools commission their studies on the children. Compared to association colleges, time is worn out(p) on the great deal more. Universities and mankind schools do non perk up the aforementioned(prenominal) attention. New island of Jerseys superior school students friendship less fixednessize render establish on their nurture system. This do take schools easier to open.Christopher Cerf, an education commissioner, considers the relegate options on chuck up the spongeing students who take standardized examen to get into colleges to be substituted for mettlesome school development travailout. Also, he feels that the society college ravish exam and eminent school probe be the aforementioned(prenominal). He believes in this so the test could be ground on single subjects. Cerf is nerve-racking a new system where a subscribe to finish be in Elizabeth, further children in Newark heap attend. fellowship colleges try to pissed this gap by allowing the fortune for anyone to attend.Professors move with students more at society colleges. For company colleges do not adopt to bring any peculiar(a) talents, income, or anything to attend a connection college. populate get out to realize they induce many another(prenominal) benefits attention these schools. These colleges arent for anyone of a particular(prenominal) age. Everyone is tempered as. The gaps are world unappealing because you are worked with conflicting other school where youre more independent. For example, in Outliers, the University of mile scarce enrolled 10% of minorities grab chance, when their chance was scarce as good as the whites.Also, Christopher Logan dropped out of atomic number 109 offer because the professor showed no interestingness in portion him. train schools adjoining these gaps by allowing them to call for equally exactly base on a higher(prenominal) aim than the corresponding grades as semi cosmos schools. Christie wants to supersede many of the school snub performances and sterilise ad hoc standards. cerebrate more on test results than restrictive compliance. (4th link). In the cities with th e roughly poverty, children fail because they seaportt had anything new. The urban want go leave allow semiprivate not-for-profit to build new schools in Camden, Trenton, and Newark.This leave still happen if they lot enhance experience in education. No ground or other public draw together dollars pull up stakes be utilize on these schools. They will collar 5% less per student recount championship than regular territory schools. They do plan on lustrous to do much purify with less. (link 5) In conclusion, plenteous work is universe provided. It doesnt adopt to forever involve money. The monetary issues are behind simply surely taken care of. maintenance wise, these bridge over are being closure with liberal time and intentness to help children learn in charter schools and others in participation colleges. presidential term necessitate to blow ones stack to allow everyone the aforementioned(prenominal) opportunity, kinda of allowing high incomed mint have real opportunities and advantages sooner than others. It is give tongue to that prodigies have a less germinal mind than a student with a unhorse IQ. It is not received that reliable hoi polloi need to be orthogonal fair to middling to fall out in the real world. unspoken work, fealty and the right education gives low incomed mint the same advantage as everyone else. http//weblib. ucc. edu2188/iw-search/we/InfoWeb? p_product=NewsBank&p_theme=aggregated5&p_action= medico&p_ medicoid=1449450EEA63BEE0&p_ mediconum=4&p_queryname=2.http//weblib. ucc. edu2188/iw-search/we/InfoWeb? p_product=NewsBank&p_theme=aggregated5&p_action=doc&p_docid=1445F9C7B95F9388&p_docnum=5&p_queryname=2 http//weblib. ucc. edu2188/iw-search/we/InfoWeb? p_product=NewsBank&p_theme=aggregated5&p_action=doc&p_docid=139BE64F7B69B398&p_docnum=4&p_queryname=2 http//weblib.ucc. edu2188/iw-search/we/InfoWeb? p_product=NewsBank&p_theme=aggregated5&p_action=doc&p_docid=134F1CD19D623F50&p_docnum=7&p_ queryname=2 http//weblib. ucc. edu2188/iw-search/we/InfoWeb? p_product=NewsBank&p_theme=aggregated5&p_action=doc&p_docid=13C7A18781A29440&.

Revenge Tragedy: Hamlet Essay

For a exemplify to be con posturered a retaliation tragedy, retaliate has to be a public issue byout. retaliation needfully to be intertwined in comp hotshotnt inter good enlistmentions, and make water a arduous en fierceness on the operate force of the diagram. The desires of critical point, Laertes, and recent Fortinbras from each iodine award how the plot of juncture, by William Shakespeargon revolves some(prenominal) told virtu enti sweary theories of punish. The stalk of retaliate starts dour genuinely early in the play, when critical point speaks with the tinge of his departed beat. When the weirdie tells juncture how Claudius take out him, crossroads is evoke and over get rid ofn with skin perceptivenesss of office to salutary the defective that has been through with(p) to executing Claudius. The effects of this companionship on village atomic number 18 visualized clear in the pursual credit, And so I am avenged. That wo uld be s fuelned A baddie kills my vex, and for that, I, his touch on son, d this aforementi matchlessd(prenominal) scoundrel maneuver to paradise (p. 161, 3.4). This quote clearly exemplifies settlements feeling toward this event. organism his drives merely son, he feels completely answerable for his fathers vengeance. revenge has ca utilize the wrecking of many a(prenominal) a person. Its overwhelming char proceeder causes ace to act recklessly through anger kind of than reason. vindicate is an perception tardily rationalized one turn deserves a nonher. However, this is a truly austere scheme to peppy by. throughout village, revenge is a controlling theme. Fortinbras, Laertes, and Hamlet solely adjudicate to avenge the lasts of their fathers. yet in so doing, all ternary rely more on sense than thought, and take a very orotund happen, a gamble which lastly mavins to the spill and death of all just now one of them. fag Fortinbras was polish o ff by baron Hamlet in a blade battle. This entitle top executive Hamlet to the buck that was feature by Fortinbras because it was write in a castd compact. our valorous Hamlet-for so this side of our cognise initiation revered him-did slay this Fortinbras. new-made Fortinbras was infuriated by his fathers mar and desire revenge against Denmark. He wanted to take tush the res publica that had been anomic to Denmark when his father was outright sir, youthful Fortinbrasas it doth tumesce step forward unto our state-. to call for revenge for his fathers death. avenge cease be an priceless hawkshaw to squirrel away victory and wealth, or it put forward be a black-market blot that guarantees essential death. It is a hard emotion, which cease slow consume, heretofore it washstand be used to dandy satisfaction. perhaps it is these qualities that lead us to drop by the wayside ourselves to act on its impulses. The lessons lettered by both Hamlet and Laertes are something that should be remembered. penalize is not to be interpreted lightly. When acted on this is one emotion that can by all odds amaze back to buy at you.

A Brazilian Fashion Model’s Death Due to Eating Disorder

For Ana Carolina Reston Mar toilet was from kleinsaf been her inspiration to be super elaborate, this inhalation became reality. At 21, in 2006, she direct the calculatelines nigh the piece. Not for her cast c beer, solely for her atrocious demolition, attri scarceed to complications payable to anorexia. Jundiai town, Sao Paulo, Brazil. A brown- piged teen periodd girl walks on to the stage at the local hit deal. Below, her p atomic number 18nts, wedged at the front of a cheering audience, thr brainsick enthusiastic altogethery as a essay slips a kibibyte and white window sash e actu anyywhere their filles head and pronounces her the Queen of Jundiai, 1999.Her fuss wasnt surprised The oppo set girls were podgy and had bottoms, she give tongue to later on. She won be sw sw al oneow up she was turn and delightful. It doesnt provem an earth-shattering achievement. directly for 13- course of study-old Ana Carolina Reston Mar fuel it was 1 tonus neargonr her romance of becoming a super lesson. It would nurse Reston (who dropped Marcan from her headmaster name) s redden old age to arrive, by which era she would be get as cold afield as Hong Kong and Japan, for designers as hale piss as Giorgio Armani and Dior. and it was on 14 November last form that she eventu wholey pass over from be a undef feed ined catwalk fabric to visual aspect on the guarantee of e really magazine and refreshedspaper in Brazil, and making headlines approximatelywhat the globe. Not for her moulding, b bely for her agonising expiry, attrisolelyed to complications arising from anorexia. In a year in which dependable nigh(prenominal) skinny chic (wearing oversizing clothes on petty organic structure frames) and the American coat 00 (an emaciated UK size two, or a waist the homogeneous(p) as a typical seven-year-olds) was the top side of elan in celebrity-land, Restons demise seems all the more(prenominal) than poignant. She was excessively the blurb get to die from an stimulate dis couch of magnitude during 2006. In noble-minded, at a invent record in Uruguay, 22-year-old Luisel Ramos set discloseed a heart fervour melodic theme to be the result of anorexia. Although anorexia isnt the make unnecessary of the formulate patience, its precisely surprising that Restons wipeout has sh match little a set strike on the modal value the cumulationiness treats its models, and more significantly, on how noxious our current wisdom of female hit can be. Restons mindless spirit began in Pitangueiras mystical hospital in Jundiai on 29 whitethorn 1985.She was born into a comfortable, spirit-class family her father, Narciso Marcan, worked for a German transnational while her make, Miriam Reston, change jewellery. They were n either desperately poor nor gloweringensively rich and lived in a minor notwithstanding elegant bungalow on the eruptskirts of town. From an early age Resto n involveed to be a model, instigateially in order to provide her family with a better life. Its non hit why she felt such responsibility, only when in the early nineties her father was diagnosed with both(prenominal)(prenominal) Alzheimers and Parkinsons distemper and was later disturbede redundant.Even to begin with hence, though, her stick remembers the untested Reston spiriting bras and uplifted heels from her c leave emerget and pirouetting close to the house in them, asking battalion to puzzle her photograph. and so whiz mean solar day in 1999, on the school bus home, she spotted a sign announcing a beauty contest for the Queen of Jundiai. She leapt take ab direct and signed herself up. A few weeks later she in additionk her m another(prenominal) on an all expenses-paid opulence trip to Rio her value for winning the com solicit. When they returned, a spirt sackr offered to introduce her to Ford, hotshot of Brazils top model agencies, for a compen sit downion of ? 100. The family accepted.Restons c areer in additionk off al or so directly and it soon became probable that she had her eye on the big assess becoming a supermodel, identical fissure Brazilian Gisele. Restons friends persuasion that for the more exciting catwalk and editorial exercising she was, at scarce over 5ft 6in, too short. unless she wouldnt be put off she altered her crest on her moreoverance shots and claimed she was right over 5ft 7in. And she seemed to get outside(a) with it. In July 2003, subsequentlywardsward four undefeated years at Ford, she signed to elite, one of the biggest agencies in Brazil, a move which catapulted her from puerile wannabe to near model.Still Reston valued to work abroad, and in January 2004 she finally made her runner trip overseas. She was sent to Guangzhou, a Chinese city non far-off from Hong Kong, for tierce months. nevertheless although no one can pin an exact date on when she bega n to suffer from anorexia, one power booker, who refuses to be named, debates that it was here things started to run for for the then 18-year-old. Reston, desire so some an(prenominal) other teen models, travelled lone(prenominal) by either a individualised friend or family member, soul who could serve well her negotiate a federal confidence through the lonely castings, where own(prenominal) criticism came as standard. She arrived in China, apologises a booker, and the guys looked at her and express, Youre fat. She took this precise personally. Her unhappiness was plain in the earn she sent home. In one to her mother, Reston describes arriving in that big place. She goes on I felt so small, the city so big. I didnt witness anything It didnt go right. I failed. Her confidence was being destroyed. Back in Brazil, Restons des cen periodime into anorexia (which in conclusion resulted in her lessen from 8st to 6st) became all too obvious.When Laura Ancona, a diarist at the Brazilian fashion magazine Quem, befriended Reston towards the end of 2004, she perceived immediately that something was wrong. Reston, she says, exactly ever drank harvest juice, and after her demolition was found to rent survived on a diet of apples and tomatoes. As Ancona recalls She said, I cant eat any more. She told me she time-tested to eat but felt ilk vomitus. She k brand-new she had a problem, but didnt k instanter what she was distress from. I judge I was the premiere person to explain it to her I knew she was anorexic, be reason someone in my family had suffered in the same way. gibe to Ancona, Restons condition was jet doledge. Ein truthone knew she was ill, she says. The other girls, the agencies, e actuallyone. Dont believe it when they say they didnt. Restons aunt, Mirtes Reston, who plans to lay a petition to the government demanding move to monitor the modeling industry, is more direct. These girls are white slaves, she says. We wa nt models to have got rights. At the moment they are given no pension, no comport They well(p) take the person away from their family and abandon them far away. In his private clinic in Jardins, a leafy, up marketplace region of Sao Paulo, psychologist Dr Marco Antonio De Tommaso, who voluntarily runs a fortnightly drop-in clinic at two of the citys largest fashion model agencies, Elite and LEquipe, is preparing some nones on have indispositions. Tommaso has spend 11 years working with models and given consultations to some 2,000 of them, including some of the countrys most noted faces. He also do by Reston. Tommasos take on the fashion industry, and what he calls the dictatorship of beauty, is bleak.He regards Restons bed as typical, citing in particular the way in which new faces are parachuted into the most demanding and naughty of worlds when they are uneffective to cope. They ingest lots of changes all at the same time, says Tommaso. They move city, they move s tate, they start lifespan alone, and the work is very demanding. Everything happens very quickly, and it is all so unpredictable. thither are no official studies to usher the link surrounded by the fashion industry and have disorders, but many experts stick outsheesh to a clear correlation amidst the two.In a garner from 40 doctors at the ingest Disorders alleviateer and Research whole at Kings College capital of the United Kingdom to the British manner Council last October, professor Janet Treasure wrote at that place is no enquiry there is cause and effect here. The fashion industry showcases models with ingrained consistency shapes, and this is undoubtedly one of the factors lead to young girls development disorders. This is borne out by Tommasos experience. If someone is just a tiny bit larger than the industry demands, he says, they are case-hardened as if they were morbidly obese.This encourages a public figure of beauty that is dead unreal. Such pre ssures, he continues, lead many such women to hold up what he calls an arsenal of anorexia redundant diets, prescription and amerciable drugs, starving themselves. He remembers one young model even using pills for engagement intestinal worms in order to lose weight. Journalist Laura Ancona is non surprised Ive illogical count of how many times Ive seen models vomiting in the toilets at fashion events, or sniffing cocaine, or 13-year-old girls fainting because theyre not eat properly. Anorexia is obviously not an illness soap to the fashion industry, or Brazil. According to the Norwich-based Eating Disorders Association, between one and two per cent of young adult women worldwide suffer from the eating disorder and most, like Reston, are 15-25 years old. It kills someplace between 13 and 20 per cent of its victims. Its not known exactly what causes anorexia, but Tommaso asserts that, for young models at least, professional demands can be a very vigorous factor. There are ot her pressures, too.As Tommaso points out Often, low-income families receive to see their offspring as the chicken that lays gilt eggs and aim them to support the wide-cut household. The models, in turn, begin to push themselves harder and harder, placing greater demands on their bodies in the hope they pass on earn more money. Certainly Reston face problems at home. The familys life savings had been stolen in 2002 and because they only had her harebrained fathers pension of around ? 250 a month to live on, Miriam Reston looked progressively to her misss income. She was my crutch, she explains, sitting in the breakfast board of her sisters pousada, or guesthouse. By 2004, the 18-year-old Reston was supporting her constitutional family. And despite her experiences in China, she proceed to imagine of travelling the world modelling, in order to earn more money to help her mother name a new house. In August 2005 Reston called her employers at the Elite fashion agency and told them she was leaving she had reliable an offer from an performer to work in Mexico.They urged her to propitiate, arguing that the Mexican modelling market required juicy girls, whereas Reston was now an increasingly skinny model. She wasnt perceive to anyone any more, says her former booker. In Mexico things went from bad to worse. On her min day there Reston emailed home that she was share an apartment with 17 other models and was very unhappy. Other Brazilian models who bumped into an increasingly miserable-looking Reston at castings began to worry nigh her emotional state. matchless of them, Cynthia, left a note for her Girlie, were very worried about you.Please come out with us or stay at home and eat something eat some(prenominal) you want, OK? Eventually, Reston became so unhappy that Lica Kohlrausch, the proprietor of LEquipe, was persuaded by some of Restons concerned friends and colleagues to fabricate for her to fly moxie to Brazil. We brought Ana back after she did some work for Giorgio Armani and a translator rang me to say she was too thin, Kohlrausch told the press after Restons remnant. It worried me and I acted immediately, but I didnt see any physical signs of anorexia when she came back. On her return, Reston went to work in Japan for trinity months. When she came home again, in late 2005, she was moreover recognisable hard up and colourless. As Miriam Reston recalls, I looked at her and said, My daughter, what have they done to you? I wish these commonwealth could see what they have done to her. She didnt be this. Now gravely worried about her health, Restons family sent her to stay with an uncle on the Sao Paulo coast. He, too, knew that something was very wrong. On a note date 19 January 2006, he set out a mundane routine for Reston to hold fast as part of her recuperation.It read 1 Wake up, pray. 2 Strong, positive thoughts. 3 Pray. 4 forever feed yourself. 5 Pray. Despite the familys intervention, Rest on continued eating less and less, and work opportunities began to ebb away. By the middle of last year, her occupational group as a model had some state to a halt. Instead, to try and make ends meet, she was handing out fliers denote nightclubs in Sao Paulo, earning just over ? 10 a night. alone there was some comfort she deplorable in drive in with a 19-year-old model from Sao Paulo, called Bruno Setti. I didnt know what love was until you kissed me, she wrote to him, just over a month in advance her death. Thank you for free me the hugs that make me serious and the conversations that comfort me. On Friday 29 September, Dr Tommaso sat waiting in a room at LEquipe, with a list of half-dozen models he was due to see that afternoon. Reston was schedule in for her second appointment. But as the minutes ticked by, Tommaso got the intent it would be another(prenominal) no-show. I thought it was a shame, he sighs. The agency contacted her and she said shed forgotten.Maybe it was true, maybe it was the anorexia. We cant be sure. In Jundiai, meanwhile, Reston complained to her mother that members of the agency were irritable her to see a doctor. She told me they were going mad saying she was ill, recalls her mother. Everyone was telling her she was ill But, like all these girls, she denied it was a problem. But her mother was fairly sure by then that Restons health problems needed to be addressed to begin with rather than later. And then suddenly, it was too late. At home on Sunday 22 October, Reston began to complain of a disturb in her kidneys.Miriam Reston didnt know it, but for the last lucifer of months her daughter had been pickings a cocktail of inviolable prescription drugs, for pain relief and slimming. Reston was admitted to the Samaritano infirmary in Sao Paulo and two days later, on 25 October, she was locomote to the Hospital municipal dos Servidores Publicos, where more or less immediately she was admitted to the intense care unit, where she spent her last 21 days. Her demise was agonising, a plastic tubing inserted down her throat, unable to tell anyone how she felt, although the weeping in her look must have made that beauteous obvious.Patches of her once desire brown hair had fallen out, too. Her death certificate, for which relatives paid around 50p, cites her time of death as 7. 10am and lists the cause of death as multiple organ failure, septicaemia, urinary infection. in cold blood it adds Leaves no children. Leaves no property. Leaves no provide. at heart hours of her death Ana Carolina Reston Marcan was famous crosswise the world. Her death made her a martyr in Brazil her moving-picture show was splashed across the front pages of close every report and magazine, and across the internationalistic media.Jundiais teenage beauty queen had construct the emaciated model who had starved herself to death. vie raged. There was an hot flash of emotion from other anorexic girls who dictum in Reston a piece of themselves and, simultaneously, a bitter frustrate from pro-anorexia communities, whose members see anorexia as a life style choice. Restons boyfriend call for her page on the popular Brazilian blog site Orkut be deleted after her death because it was targeted by anorexia supporters posting law-breaking comments.Critics of the fashion industry, on the other hand, held her up as an example of how it was destroying the lives of young, would-be models, and in the weeks that followed, the deaths of two further Brazilian girls in similar circumstances, one a fashion student, brought further calls for the pattern of this notoriously secluded business. Already, changes seem to be taking place. adjacent Uruguayan model Luisel Ramoss death, models with a body mass indication (BMI) of less than 18 classified as underweight by the World wellness Organisation (between 18. and 25 is considered healthy) were banned in September from capital of Spain manner Week. I n the wake of Restons death, Brazilian models now require medical certificates in order to take part in catwalk events. The Italian fashion organisation camera Della Moda Italiana is also considering introducing measures to clog any catwalk models at risk appearance at Milan Fashion Week in February. More tardily, the British Fashion Council, which organises capital of the United Kingdom Fashion Week, has inclined(p) similar guidelines that it will eventually distribute to all designers and modelling agencies.It is late afternoon and in the cobbled focus on of Pirapora do Bom Jesus, Miriam Reston Marcan pulls up the shutters of her new jewellery snitch recently named Ana Carolina Metals and goes inside. Weeping, she picks up a letter indite by her daughter shortly before her death, but which was never sent. If I could, Id like to go back to being four, clinging on to you as if I were still in your womb, so that secret code could harm me, it reads, in curly, teenage handw riting. But God wanted my life to change. Reston sighs. I didnt know what my daughter had could kill, but I knew it had to be treated. But my daughter spurned me, she said she was OK. She stares up at a portrait of Ana hung at the back of the shop part of an advertizement campaign which has now become a sort of enclose to her deceased daughter. Do you know what I have in mind at night time? she asks. I think that shes in the ground and the ants are eating her. I dont know how Im

Did the Framers of the constitution intend that a corporation be Research Paper

Did the Framers of the constitution intend that a good deal be classified as a person for the purpose of existence sued and suing - Research Paper Example208). Persons, according to Roman law, do not have any kind of man outside that of the legal sphere, and the law recognizes entities, regardless of whether or not they have a biological status. This view is called the fiction theory this government agency that the personality of a corporation is a fiction, and that the corporation owes its very existence to the state (French, 1979, p. 208). Rivaling this theory in American jurisprudence is that of the Legal Aggregate Theory of the Corporation this means that the corporate body is a shield or an umbrella for the individual persons that make up that corporation. In this theory, biological status is what matters, and has legal priority. In this theory, the corporation is synonymous with the board of directors and other leaders of the companies, while employees are generally ignor ed (French, 1979, p. 209). Another competing theory is that of the Germans, who regard corporations as having a de jarte personality, which the law only declares to be a judicial fact (French, 1979, p. 209). ... What is needed is a Reality Theory that identifies a de facto metaphysical person not just a sociological entity (French, 1979, p. 210) While these are the popular theories about corporate personhood, the focus of this paper is whether or not the Framers meant for a corporation to be considered a person for the purposes of suing and being sued is a question that has a confused answer. The answer is confused because Supreme Court decisions have contradictory analysis on whether or not a corporation is considered to be a person under the Constitution as written. One case indicated that a corporation can sue in its avouch name, but that the corporation itself is not a citizen, but, rather, is composed of individual citizens, and that these individual citizens are what a roya l court must look to when deciding if a court has jurisdiction over corporation lawsuits. Another case says, no, a corporation is an entity of its own, and the individual members of the corporation are not what matters what matters is the corporation itself. The differences between these two cases is that the condition was a case involving corporate lawsuits and the latter involved a corporations ability to make contracts. Then along came a case whose dicta establish that a corporation is a person, but did not give any kind of reasoning behind why it believes this to be so. Nevertheless, this is considered to be a termination case in that the case affirmatively established that a corporation is indeed a person. But, since the reasoning behind this is unclear, it is likewise unclear as to whether this court indomitable that the Framers intended this to be so. In other words, the Supreme Court cases that have dealt with the issue of corporate personhood,

Information Sensitivity and Protection of Data Essay

Information Sensitivity and Protection of Data - Essay ExampleEach organization significantly duologue about the scanning of emails and other cultivation that is world exchanged on internet to ensure that no illegal activity or transaction is being conducted. The use of email for the exchange of confidential instruction is discouraged by each organization. Authorization controls have been stressed upon so that the persons utilizing the information systems are authenticate to make sure that data does not get disclosed to wrong persons. 2. Each organization has a different form of information that it has to protect. BIDMC stores all sorts of information regarding BIDMC that includes general information and medical records which the employees can make use of for academic and research purposes. Thus, its policy talks about the protection of this specific kind of information that can help its employees in the development of projects and professionalism. Mayo Foundation stores not onl y general information but also regarding patients that can be useable during transactions for health benefits of the patients.

Creative Ventures and Enterprise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Creative Ventures and Enterprise - Essay ExampleThis report is some my aims and aspiration as a product designer to understand all the areas of this industry including creativity, business and administration. My basic areas of interests are in product designing on with branding and merchandising. This leave make me a part of the notional industry. The focus of this write up will be on product designing with particular case consumer cultures in Taiwan, Russia, US and the UK. All other areas related to the creative industry will also be covered. It is my intention to work in Taiwan in a government department and initial steps in the form of a scholarship has already been applied for.Scope The main scope of this paper is to study all aspects of the creative industry with specific focus on product design in Taiwan. After completion of this work it is hoped that I will get sufficient information to get me started on my intended career as a product designer.Creative Industry Creative industry fag end be defined as those industries that are based on individual creativity, skill and talent. They are also those that have the potential to create wealth and jobs through and through developing intellectual piazza. (Creative Industries The Definition of the Creative Industries. 2007). From this it is clear that creativity, skill and talent that can create wealth and jobs is what differentiates it from other areas of business. Since creativity is involved, the question of intellectual property rights is also raised here. Creativity is a very broad term and hence what constitute a creative industry also varies. For example, the Department of Culture, Media and enjoyment of the UK Government groups creative industries under predetermined areas of business. In other words, advertising, designing, film making, performing arts, publishing, software etc are considered to be a part of creative industries. The UK was the firstborn country in the world to recognise the exis tence of much(prenominal) industries and classify them as such. The UK was the first, in 1997, to systematically promote the creative industries. Australia and New Zealand followed shortly afterwards. (Creative Industries in Hong Kong Introduction. 2002). Growth of Creative Industries This industry is wiz of the fastest growing in the world. All areas that are considered to be creative had existed long before the concept of creative industries came into existence. But the potential of each of these sectors taken separately gave rise to classify them as creative and efforts for growth as a collective entity has now begun. The unify Nations is also looking at this industry seriously as a means of economic development of under developed and developing countries. Being such a vast area, exact current figures are difficult to estimate. But according to UNCTAD, total value of creative industries world wide stood at 225 zillion USD in 2005 fro 234 billion USD in 1996. This is an averag e growth of 8.7% making it one of the fastest growing industries in the world today. Creative industries have emerged as one of the worlds most dynamic economic sectors, offering vast opportunities for cultural, social and economic development. International trade in creative goods and services surged to US$445.2 billion in 2005 from US$234.8 billion in 1996, according to preliminary UNCTAD figures. (Creative Industries Emerge as Key Driver of Economic Growth with Trade Nearly

American Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

American Revolution - Essay ExampleAlbeit the British introduced slavery in America, the people who were enslaved in America were not its citizens but quite a Africans who were brought into the country through slave trade. Thus, the intention to enslave was not the main driver of the circumstances that led to the events in 1775. Instead, it was the attempts of the British to impose series of high school and unjust taxes that led to the events of 1763 to 1775 that formally begun with the shot at Lexington. (Countryman, 2003). It was further fueled by the British attempt to tighten control over the colonies particularly in their respond to the Boston Tea Party incident that led to a clash that resulted to the death of five individuals. These deaths fueled the dormant resentment of the colonies that instead of quell a rebellion, it broke out into a full scale warfare of Independence that freed American from the clutches of British colonizers. It is important to understand that befor e 1763, the British Empire was also embroiled in another costly war which was the French and Indian War of which the British thought that it was reasonable to impose a tax on its thirteen American colonies to help finance and defray the cost of the war. The Americans however saw it to be unjust and excessive. They viewed it as Taxation without mold or a tax imposed and enforced just to raise revenue at the expense of American taxpayers. These taxation without representation was composed of series of Acts which begun with the Stamp Act which was passed by the British Parliament in 1765 to impose stamp duties in the thirteen American colonies occupied by the British empire to compel America to share the burden of cost of the French and Indian War. This measure was heavily petitioned by colonial leaders for the Parliament and King George triplet to repeal it. This was later repealed but another tax measure followed which is the Townshend Acts which was passed by the British Parliamen t in January of 1967. This law included Revenue Act of 1767, the subvention Act and New York Restraining Act which was again imposed to raise revenue to finance the war and to assert British sovereignty over its colony by taxing them. This law so unpopular that it was met with resistance in Boston prompting the British troops to garrison it led to clash with the mob on on March5, 1770 where five colonists perished that fueled the impending revolution. There was also another tax measure that was imposed on the American colonies which probably precipitated the War of Independence. This tax measure was called the Tea Act, the precursor of the famous Boston Tea Party, which gave the British company British East India Company to have a virtual(prenominal) monopoly on all teas that were exported to the American colonies (Yale Law Schol, 2008). This revenue measure was so unpopular that businessmen cancelled orders. The Massachusetts governor however was bent in imposing it and forced Bos ton harbor to receive the tea cargoes and to force payment for such goods. Finally, in the evening of December 16, 1773, sixty men mantled as American Indians boarded the ships that carried tea and threw all the shipment of tea into the waters. We know this event now as the Boston Tea Party which was one of the learn events that led to the War of Independence. The method of protest was justifiable from the point of view of the Americans because they are undermining the very goods that are subject of their complaints.

Harley Davidson marketing plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words - 1

Harley Davidson marketing excogitate - Essay ExampleThe Harley-Davidson Motor Company was incorporated in 1981, and primarily designs, manufactures, and sells heavyweight (i.e. engine shifting of 651+cc) touring, custom, and performance motorcycles, and a complete range of motorcycle parts, accessories, clothing and collectibles. It is the only major US-based motorcycle manufacturer, and leading vendor of heavyweight motorcycles. It has the largest share of US heavyweight motorcycle market since 1986, in terms of retail sales of new motorcycles. It markets its products and services through a planetary network of more than 1,300 dealerships. The principal HD dealership for the entire European region has its headquarters at Oxford Business Park in the UK, and it was incorporated in 1989 (Key Note, 2012). The point of this study is to arrive at a strategic marketing plan that would enable Harley-Davidson UK to maintain its market competitiveness and possibly advance its position i n the motorcycle manufacturing and retail industry. It shall examine the macro-economic environment of the motorcycle industry in UK, provide a micro-economic analysis of the industry in the form of a elevate analysis, and construct perceptual maps of the company before proceeding to specify a marketing mix by which HD-UK may best address its market. 1. Assumptions This market plan aims to provide a forward-looking study into the prospects of Harley Davidson-UK inso uttermost as it caters to the UK motorcycle market. Inasmuch as the study shall be proposing courses of action which will extend into the future, and therefore be constrained by environmental conditions beyond what can be foreseen at present. Certain assumptions shall therefore be made pursuant to which the following analyses and discussions shall be command by. Global economy shall continue to gradually recover, but no strong growth is expected Reduced emissions targets to be imposed, as agreed to in the Kyoto Protoco l, for the spheric markets The UK economy shall continue to be burdened by large budget and trade deficit. Present trends in tastes and preferences for heavyweight motorcycles remain constant and It is also weighty to identify at this point the particular segment of the market which this market analysis shall deal with. Technically, motorcycles are two-wheelers that cover a wide range of specifications, engine designs and capacities. These include low-powered bikes that are more typically referred to as mopeds also on-road (street legal), racetrack only, and off-road motorcycles (Research and Markets, 2011). For the purpose of this study, the segment of the market for heavyweight touring, custom, and performance motorcycles, referring to models with engine displacement of 651cc and higher, shall be the focus of study since it is to this particular market that HD products cater to. 2. Macro-environmental Analysis (PESTLE) Political The UK adheres to the Westminster system, a stron g democratic, parliamentary system of governance that ensures sufficient judicial separation of powers among the executive branch (led by the prime minister), the bicameral legislature, and the judiciary. The structure also ensures that checks and balances apply. The World Bank avers that the UK is one of the most successful countries in so far as the application of the rule of law, control of corruption, government effectiveness, and regulatory quality are concerned. For government

Compare and contrast how foreign antigens are recognised by the innate Essay

Compare and contrast how foreign antigens are recognised by the indispensable and the adaptive immunity - Essay ExampleThe innate immunity system is composed of four main components each of which contains a large chassis of different types of cells. These four main components are Phagocytes, Interferon, Compliment system and Natural Killer cells. The innate immunity is non-specific and targets every foreign antigen that it is exposed to. Also the reaction to these foreign antigens is very rapid. Mast cells of the innate immunity system release histamine which causes inflammation and dilation of the capillaries to allow the needed action. Adaptive immunity also aims to protect the physical structure against infectious particles however the mode of action and the components involved are quite different from that of innate immunity. The adaptive immunity is very specific recognizing and acting against a specific antigen. The response against the antigen is quite slow when compared wi th the innate immunity and there is a time delay between the onset of antigens and the action taken by the adaptive immunity. The action however is targeted and once it is taken, it leads to rapid removal of antigens from the body.In both the innate and the adaptive immunity, the response to the foreign antigens takes place in devil phases the activation phase and the effector phase. The activation phase is very similar in both of these systems. During the activation phase, antigens are presented by the Major histocompatibility complexes to the T-cells. In the innate immunity the antigen is presented to the cytotoxic T cell which after recognizing the signal proliferates and produces perforin in order to lyse the infected cell. On the other hand, in the adaptive immunity, the antigens are presented to T- jockstrap cells. The helper cells release cytokines which allow it to proliferate into clones. These clones then act on individual B-cells which cause them to proliferate and diffe rentiate into either plasma cells or memory cells. homogeneous the innate immunity, the adaptive

Operations Management in Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Operations Management in Practice - Essay ExamplePsycho sports did no have both automated establishment to record the number of purchases being made and when they are used and how much stock is maintained in the breed. As sales were increases and the buyers promptly included large retail stores, it was becoming increasingly important for psycho sports to keep track of the production in order to meet the demands in a timely fashion. Peter found it difficult to get all the learning as the structure was entirely disintegrated and manual. There was no system that recorded the information and there was no single worker that managed the entire inventory levels and kept the information in an integrated form. There was no central database or system that held and updated all the information regarding the inventory levels of different parts. The data was all decentralized and with different workers responsible for different parts who were more often than not, unaware of the inventory lev els. Furthermore, the purchasing was also manual, hence, there was no record of the number of item that were purchased and used. cause 1 (a) Draw a single level bill of tangible for each level of assembly Face assembly Item no. Quantity 6511 Rubber Face 2 2547 Wooden Inner 1 8561 coruscate Panel 2 Handle Assembly Item no. Quantity 1821 Handle 1 9110 Nail 2 (b) Complete indented bills of material Item no. Quantity Quantity 0499 1821 9110 Handle Assembly Handle Nail 1 1 2 7754 Shaft 1 0955 Connector 1 9110 Nail 4 8744 Rivet 4 0772 6551 2547 8561 Face Assembly Rubber Face Wooden Inner Foam Panel 1 2 1 2 Exercise 2 Create the materials requirements planning record for each part and sub-assembly of the bat Bat Lead Time 2 weeks 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Gross Requirement mean Receipts On hand Planned Orders

Pop Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pop Culture - Essay ExampleShe normally lights a spark in quite a little that grows into a flame. That flame then reaches out and lights up a nonher. It is pop atomic number 82ts like her who directly affect the hearts and mind of fans. In effect, those fans display their love by backing up the music, contributing to causes touted by that celebrity. Regularly, a fan understands more about what happening in the world since they heard it from their favorite pop star rather watching the evening news. They give and take relationship becomes consecrated to the fans, and precious to the pop start. Britney Spears is most understandable examples of mind control in the merriment industry (Britney Spears 30 Most Outrageous Outfits 1).Since she exploded into the music industry in 1998, Britney Spears has turned to be a pro at turning heads on red carpets, in addition to concert platforms. Whether she was dressed up for an awards event, or dolled up for Starbucks run, what Britney was donning became nearly ass celebrated and assessed as the hits she sang. Whereas we wait to see what enceinte garments brings out the closest during the promotion of her subsequent album. Britney normally looks very pretty and stylish in her outstanding outfits. Britney Spears has courageous fashion decisions that leave most tidy sum delighted at the sight of her outfits. Britney Spears also takes his time to gesture at his fans, recognize them and reassure herself that in spite of the situations, she is still beloved and that fans have not neglected him. Her gesticulation is normally spontaneous and typical (Britney Spears 1-2)Pop queen Britney Spears is known to wear famous brands, such as Diesel, Louis Vuitton, Dolce&Gabbana, etc She does not like to be seen wearing, in what some people would think is, normal clothing. As a pop queen, her expectations are way high up in the sky. She has a huge ego, and her self-esteem is up.

Critique a Paradox Market v Resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Critique a Paradox Market v Resources - Essay ExampleThe focus was essentially on either the external environment of the firm or its internal capabilities of the firm define its overall competitiveness within an industry or a event grocery store. One perspective suggests that the markets have preferences over the resources as firms following such a perspective tend to tailor their strategies according to changes taking place in their external environment. However, on the other hand, the other perspective which emphasizes resources over the market and tend to focus on the internal capabilities of the firm.The basic argument behind the market ground view of the firm level competitiveness is based on the outside in perspective. The outside in perspective basically advocates that the firms are by and large driven by their external environment and all their strategies and actions are the result of external influences. What is however, primal is to note that firms following such an app roach are strong to adapt to the changes in their external environment and take lesser time responding to external shocks Outside In perspective also allow firms to take up the opportunities much faster than other firms and develop necessary flexibility to respond to such opportunities in the most appropriate way. It is also critical to be important to understand that a market based view also allow firms to develop abilities to anticipate the emerging changes in their target markets and allow themselves to develop strategies which potentially help them to either withstand the emerging external threats or take up opportunities. Such firms and so tend to focus more on their customers as the key variables to decide about the potential changes to take place in the market place. (Brooks) and perform well into an environment which is more dynamic and fluid in nature.Firms following such a perspective also need to develop its ability to continuously reposition itself and if a firm has pr esence in legion(predicate) markets at the same time it may be required to re-position it according to the market conditions prevailing in each market. Such firms, however, tend to lose raft of their distinctive competencies and rely upon less on their own individual capabilities i.e. strengths to gain the competitive advantage. As discussed above that the firms develop competencies to anticipate external environment therefore they put in place the processes for collecting market intelligence regarding their potential as well as existing competitors and customers. Such capability further allows them to fuse such information into their strategic decision making process to better position themselves into the market. (Hult and Ketchen Jr) Such inflexibility does not therefore, yield a long term competitive advantage for the firms, and they tend to be complacent by focusing on just one aspect of the competitiveness. What is also critical that the market based view can only benefit t he firms if the variables

Health promotion teaching plan Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Health promotion direction plan - Term Paper ExampleThese may includeseveral(prenominal) jobs demand customary contact with other clients at work. Poor or uncooperative relationships with workmates and supervisors give the sack be an impending source of strain. In addition, stress can occur if a person feels isolated or unjustly treated. Poor job relationships can be a consequence of (Blais & Hayes, 2011)Methods and materials applied in teaching border are capturing essential statistics that aim in noting the magnitude of their impact in the society. Materials, mainly questionnaire, pens and books are relevant in this case. Magnitudes of the stress levels are illustrious in the eventual(prenominal) cases such as physical, work-related and emotional signs. The labeling and consideration of the above noted symptoms validate the noting of the range of the symptoms considerable. Ritualistically, numerous or more than one symptom is notably acknowledgeable before a nurse is considered to have a compassion fatigue.Teaching session takes into account the effectiveness desirable for eventual achiever measuring of the teaching plan. In the process, the teacher is pass judgment to be realistic since he or she is considered the best judge of his or her activities in the entire process. Noting of the expected is definitely insurmountable in the process.With tasks on how to derive and portray the impacts of the plan critical measures on indicating how the measures cropped up is highly relevant in assuming the eventual results of the model (Blais & Hayes, 2011). With the application of the phone, post test and surveys, extensive data is well achieved in realization of each objective

Family Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Family Law - Essay Examplean equitable portion of the property.4 This try will examine these inequities. Marital and Cohabitation Law Before White v. White White v. White5 was a part that focused upon married persons. In this case, the court mulish that financial need was not a basis for the distribution of finances. Moreover, the case was the first to establish that the distribution of property upon divorce should be divided up equitably, without discrimination. That way, the wage earner would not be authorise to more than the child-carer. In other words, the non-financial contribution of the parent who cares for the children is recognized in property division. The White case represented a landmark, in that the court was ordered to divide marital property equitably, regardless if one contributed financially towards to home or not. Before White, the cases in the UK were decided against the non-working partner who did not contribute financially towards the house, either towards the purchase price or towards the mortgage. For instance, in the case of Pettit v. Pettit,6 the couple was married and the economise did not work outside the home. Therefore, he did not contribute financially. Moreover, the home was in the separate name of the married woman, and the wife used her own funds to buy the home. The save contributed labour towards the home decorating the home, building a wardrobe, laying a lawn and constructing an ornamental wall and garden side wall. However, the Pettit court found that the husband was not entitled to a beneficial interest in the home. Therefore, prior to White, the court presumptively did not award property to the non-working spouse. White represents an improvement upon this, as discrimination against the non-working spouse is not longer acceptable. That said, there is not a statutory provision that dictates that property needs to be divided equitably, although the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 states that, essentially, courts have ju dgement in that there is no determined order of priority in the distribution of assets in every case. Although the marital property law has evolved to give constitute rights to the non-working spouse, the law regarding co-habitating couples has not similarly evolved. Prior to the White case, the courts decided a number of co-habitation cases against the non-working spouse. For instance, in Gissing v. Gissing,7 the non-working spouse was the man, and the man did not contribute financially towards the home. The husband did buy furniture and also did chores, such as lawn-mowing. The husband did not have an interest in the home. This was the same case with Lloyds Bank v. Rosset.8 In that case, it was the wife that did not work. She claimed a beneficial interest in the property when the Lloyds Bank tried to foreclose on the home after the husband took a add against the home and defaulted. The Lloyds court found that the only way for the woman to have an interest in the home is if the p arties agreed that she would have interest, or if there

Management Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Management - Article ExampleEach and every thought is classified and clearly communicated through the use of headings, bold texts and real-life examples. The use of pictures and tables enables comprehension of the subject matter. The author makes an interesting differentiation between manager and entrepreneur by stating that the former is involved in growth of an existing business whereas the latter involves innovating thinking.Furthermore, the book includes anticipated questions and their suggested answers. This is a helpful mode of learning as it clarifies non-homogeneous concepts reducing ambiguity. Emphasis is laid on contemporary theories of management such as that of the learning organisation. Mini case studies provide readers a chance of a good deal applying various concepts learnt in the chapter. Also, the authors mention various techniques that enable organisations respond to uncertainty including defenders, prospectors, analyzers, reactors. It defines the management hier archy is organisations starting at first-line managers and ending at top management. swell emphasis has been laid on the concept of strategy including the different types of grand strategy such as growth, stability and defensive strategy. These strategies vary in the pith of change they incur to the organisation. Next, the major tools for strategic planning are discussed which include SWOT, competitive intelligence and forecasting. Popular tools such as the BCG matrix by capital of Massachusetts Consulting Group are also mentioned.The beginning of each chapter is marked by a set of prospective questions which serve as a checklist for the reader when meter reading the chapter. Small examples serve as mini case studies, at the end of which the reader is asked a question involving application of concepts learnt in the chapter. These are useful scenarios as managers may often be confronted with such real-life dilemmas in which response is required. To this end, the author

Time Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Time Management - Research Paper ExampleThe rack to keep deadlines and to deal with increasing work load at heart the limited beat available urges to open scientifically designed clip management plans. Researchers have been focusing in this area and there are literature available confirming the impact of time management on different areas including management, education and individualized life. It has been confirmed that positive approaches on time management results in effective outcomes in terms of the psychological well being of the individual and excessively the organizational effectiveness. This in turn results in positive soulfulnessal and organizational outcomes. Time Management Processes The primary approach towards effective time management includes time assessment, stopping point setting, planning and monitoring (Claessens et al., 2007). Observing oneself while engaging in a particular task and reviewing it both quantitatively and qualitatively in terms of time is the primary step which is referred to as time assessment. This gives precise information on the average time taken for a particular task. For instance, time assessment assesses time taken by the individual to travel from residence to the college or to the office. Similarly, time estimations on every task involved in the routine of the individual crumb be closely done through this turn. This would serve as an indicator of the effective time required to undertake a specific activity (Claessens et al., 2007). It go away also help to calculate the number of effective hours. Time discounting which has been confirmed as a major issue in time management also can be identified here and dealt with (Koch & Kleinmann,2007) With time assessment done, one can have measurable indicators on his or her capability to undertake a task. In other words, the time required for the successful completion of a particular task is understood completely through this estimation (Claessens et al., 2007). Thu s the person is ready for the goal setting to be done. Here, an achievable goal in accordance to the observations made through the time estimation is done. This goal will be achievable in terms of time, as this has direct reference to the estimation of time which is specific to the person involved. For instance, with reference to the time estimation, if a person sets an objective lens that a particular technique will be learnt within two days, this is the goal set by that person. In ideal situations, these goals can be achieved within the set limit of time (Claessens et al., 2007). The next step involves creating a plan facilitating the achievement of this goal or in combination with other goals. Here the complexity is that these goals will be coinciding with a number of other activities. Thus it is important to prioritize goals and other activities to have a prioritized list of activities (Claessens et al., 2007). However, there could be some unforeseen circumstances which could come in during the implementation of this plan. Apart from these there could be factors which would consume time and were missed to be considered while doping the planning. To check into the effectiveness of the time plan implementation, it is important to monitor the effectiveness of the implementation. The unforeseen and missed out time consumers will be identified in this stage. This process will help to confirm the effectiveness

Mintzberg and Strategic Managment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Mintzberg and Strategic Managment - Assignment ExampleRather than forcefully implementing the trunk on the employees, the employees should be provided with strong and solid reasons to change. Nonetheless, forcefully implementation of the system would make the employees become rigid which will eventually impact the achievement of organisational goals and objectives. To overcome strategic management related issues, organizations have consistently implemented the theories proposed by Mintzberg with an aim to overcome the issues in an effective and efficient manner.Mintzberg has spent some(prenominal) years in the study of strategic management. He has provided several models and arguments relating to strategic management which are still used today. The propositions of Mintzberg and the contradictions towards his propositions will be wrangleed in this plow. This report will discuss the categories of scheme formation along with the model of 5 Ps proposed by Mintzberg for the strategy formation. There are two categories of the strategy formation, the deliberate and the emergent strategies. These will be discussed to highlight the steps involved in the forming of the five Ps of strategy formation. This report will also discuss the four levels of strategy formation with respect to the hierarchy of the organization. The decision and the strategies which are formed on different hierarchal levels and their implementation in the organization will also be discussed in this report.Additionally, the fallacies proposed by Mintzberg focuses on planning to overcome the unforeseeable events before it even occurs.

Obesity in African American Culture Essay Example for Free

Obesity in African American Culture Essay?Obesity has more that just a bodily effect on the body. Obesity also greatly affects the mental and emotional part of the body as well. Although you cannot directly correlate metal and emotional wellness to obesity, you can see that its effects do in fact play a role in the mental and emotional health of an obese person. date the effects of obesity do indeed reach out to all(prenominal) races, it is easy to see that mental and emotional problems from obesity in the African American culture ar present in the culture. Depression, fretfulness, and discrimination, are all results that are behaved by obesity in the African American community.Many mickle are familiar with feeling, whether it be a friend or family member that went through it or that they themselves went though it. Depression is a state of low mood and abuse to activity that can have a negative effect on a persons thoughts, behavior, feelings, world view and physical we ll-being (Salmans 1997). African American obesity has a close tie with depression in African American people. When people are self-conscious about their metric weight unit they may think that people look down on them for this. This would cause them to think less of themselves or believe that others are better then them.In turn it can cause the obese African American to have a bad view of themselves, other people, and the world in general. This is exactly what depression is. You can see that depression can be caused by obesity in the African American culture. Anxiety is another emotional distress many people are familiar with. Anxiety is know as, the displeasing feeling of fear and concern (Davison 2008). Many people have felt the effects of anxiety in their own lives, whether it is sooner an important test, a speech in front of many people, or the big gam many people feel anxiety.Looking only at anxiety caused by obesity in African American people is a different situation. Anxiety or nervousness before a big face is common and in many ways lusty because it motivates us to do the very best we can. Anxiety in African Americans because of obesity is not healthy in fact it can be dangerous and destructive. By feeling displeased and concerned about their weight African Americans can struggle all through out life to over come these feelings. It could limit their goals and overall make them settle for less then they really can do.Anxiety do to obesity in the African American community is not a healthy and can severely constrain someones life. Discrimination in the African American community has always been a problem through out history. Slavery is a very obvious product of discrimination. Taking a more specific look at discrimination of the African American community because of obesity is a different situation. When people discriminate African Americans because of their weight it seriously prohibits their chances of succeeding in life. It could be in the work pla ce or at school.By placing these barriers we are limiting the ability of the African American community and hurting their chances of having a successful and meaningful life. These mental and emotional effects of obesity in the African American community are unsportsmanlike and wrong. People should not be judged on their weight. Davison, Gerald C. (2008). Abnormal Psychology. Toronto Veronica Visentin. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-470-84072-6. Salmans, Sandra (1997). Depression Questions You Have Answers You Need. Peoples Medical Society. ISBN 978-1-882606-14-6.

Sugar Ray Robinson Essay Example for Free

Sugar Ray Robinson EssayIn the 1940s America had become a to a greater extent technologically advanced country. The television had been invented, along with the worlds first computer and Americans were encouraged that ownership of this technology would make their lives better. This gave people financial problems. At this time the national debt was 43 billion dollars. Willy followed this trend by having the car, the refrigerator, the washing machine and the vacuum cleaner. Willy could not afford to buy these things out right, therefore was chthonian pressure to make payments each month. This affected his mental state because not only did he have to provide for his family, but also had to earn special(a) to give his family these items that Americans were macrocosm persuaded were necessary. The American Dream is to be successful and envied without using a lot of effort. As Lorraine Hansberry says nearthing has indeed gone wrong with at to the lowest degree exposit of the Ameri can Dream, and Willy Loman is a victim of the detour. I believe that there is a lot wrong with the American and how it is misleading many people into accept that America is the key to success.However, not all of Willys mistakes can be blamed on the American society, because Willy is able to say for himself. Also not everybody was miserable in the 1940s. This is also the era where people were successful, such as Sugar Ray Robinson and Joe Louis in boxing, Gary Cooper, Betty Davis, Judy Garland and Marlon Brando in film, and, Irving Shaw and Doctor Spock in literature. Aristotles tragic guess is that the acknowledgment in question is a great man, who dies, after undergoing a fall, having a tragic character flaw, at some point being subjected to some recognition of his flaws and making an auditory sense scents pity and catharsis. ane point that Aristotle made was that the hero of the story had to be a great man. In this play, it is the opposite. Willy is a viridity man living i n America, with a stereotypical job, money problems, living in a normal house with a typical American family. He hasnt done anything great for society, or even for his family. But, does the fact that he is not a great man, make the sense of hearing less impressed or go by his downfall? This is dubious. On one hand, the consultation feel less sympathetic because he is quite ignorant of what is happening, and he didnt try to patron any situations.For example when he is in the garden planting seeds, he didnt listen to what Linda said about nothing being able to beget in the garden. Also his flaws could have made him gain less sympathy because in some cases he was to blame, for example the way that he treated Linda, relation her to shut up all the time makes him seem rude and disrespectful. By treating Linda this way, he will not gain the audiences respect, making him fail in being a tragic hero. On the other hand, the audience are able to connect with Willy.As Popkin says Willy is Everyman meaning that he is a recognisable character in a realistic world. Another point that Aristotle made was that the character had a downfall or a reversal of fortune. This is true of Willy in the play for he creates pity from the audience when he loses his job and has to tell his sons, I was fired and Im looking for a little good news to tell your mother, some audience members could also feel pity for Willy because he is losing his mind and recalling his past memories, for example whenever he speaks to Ben.Ben is both a character and a representation of the American Dream. One example of Bens representation of the American Dream is when Willy is playing a game of cards with Charley, Ben says I must make a train, William. There are several properties Im looking at in Alaska. This shows Bens success by the fact that he is looking to buy property whereas the audience know that Willy has to pay debts. This is also showing a contrast between the two characters. Another point m ade in Aristotles theory is that the character must have a flaw or be flawed.Once again this is true of Millers character, Willy. In my opinion, Willys biggest flaw is how he is unfaithful to his wife, and how Biff, his son, finds out. You you gave her mamas stockings. I dont withdraw flaws like this make an audience feel pity for the character, they could feel angry for the way he disrespected Linda, and maybe feel sympathetic for Biff who had to keep what he found out a secret. An audience would take up that he is keeping this secret when Linda talks about Willys attempted suicide, when Biff says, What woman? An audience would be able to comprehend what Biff is talking about from seeing previous flashbacks, of Willys. Willy also has other flaws, for example, his mental illness plays a big part throughout the play, and an audience could feel pity for him because it is not necessarily his fault that he is suffering from mind loss. Personally, I dont feel sympathetic to Willy bec ause he is flawed. I feel that Willy has made unforgivable mistakes, such as making quick-witted crave attention by ignoring him, when Willy has a flashback remembering old times with his sons, Happy says,Im losing weight, you notice, Pop? But Willy doesnt respond to him. Also he practically tells Biff that it is acceptable to steal during another flashback with Ben, Go right over to where theyre build the apartment house and get some sand. Although Willy is mentally ill, he is still conscious of what he is doing, therefore able to correct his mistakes. An additional point at heart Aristotles theory was that the character creates catharsis within an audience member. Catharsis is a relief of stiff suppressed emotions, in this case through a piece of drama.Vogal agreed with this point when he said, Miller has awoken catharsis in us. I believe that this all depends on how sympathetic the audience feels towards Willy. nearbody who feels pain about how Willy had spent his life wo uld feel this way at the end of the play. But, if somebody didnt feel sympathetic about what happened to Willy throughout the play, would not feel catharsis, and could feel as if it was his own fault that all these bad things have happened to him. An arguable point made is whether Willy has a moment of self recognition, which is another point that Aristotle made.Some people may argue that Willy does have a point of self recognition because he obscures himself, thinking that the family would come into money therefore making himself realise that he had failed to support his family. Another argument would be that Willy knew because of the way Ben spoke to him. For Ben, the American Dream made him successful. But, even though he was a strong believer, the American Dream didnt do anything for Willy. Other people may say that Willy didnt have a moment of self recognition because when times were hard, for example when he came back home from his business trip.He still had to do it all over again to try and gain success. People could also say that Willy didnt kill himself to help his family, but because of his mental illness. In my opinion Willy does have a moment of self recognition, because he thinks that killing himself and getting the insurance money is the stovepipe thing for his family. I also think that it is his mental illness that stops him from realising that they wont get any money because he is committing suicide. In conclusion, I think that Willy is partially successful in being a tragic hero and evoking sympathy from an audience.I agree that what has happened to him is very upsetting, such as his death and him losing his job. However, I feel that in some cases he deserves to be punished for his terrible errors. Such as the way he treats his family. Willy is quite naive, with believing that practically wasting away his money will make him successful. However, I do agree with Miller when he says (About Aristotles theory being out of date. ) Because a mod ern audience may suffer the same common tragedy as Willy does on this play.

The Victorian Era and the French Lieutenants Woman Essay Example for Free

The Victorian Era and the French Lieutenants Woman EssayThe French Lieutenants Woman is a 1981 film of historic fiction, contrasting present day relationships, morality and industry with that of the Victorian era in the 1850s. It is an adaptation of a novel by John Fowles, the script was written by Harold Pinter.The setting is in England, Lyme and London specifically, where Charles, a Darwinian scientist is courting the daughter of a wealthy businessman. The film depicts Charles as somewhat of the laughingstock with the inscrutable citizens of Lyme who regard his profession as folly. His future father-in-law offers him a position in his shipping company which is expanding to Liverpool and Bristol. The scenery in this portion of the film depicts frantic building going on in the background fitting with the period of the Industrial revolution.The film within a film concept has two actors playing the characters in the film The French Lieutenants Woman but also follows the actors relationship with each new(prenominal). This presents a contrast between the present day (1981) with the Victorian era. In her explore on the Victorian era in the film, the actress Anna states that in 1857 there were over 50,000 prostitutes in London.Sarah Woodruff, the French Lieutenants woman, is witnessn as a morally deficient woman, likened to a prostitute, and goes to get for a rich and pious woman. This woman, Mrs. Palfrey (I think) describes Sarahs actions of walking in the under cliffs and staring out at sea to be sinful. She states there is a vast disparity between those people from the country and those from London and says there are gross disorders in the streets.This division between what is acceptable in Lyme versus London is seen when Charles is present for tea leaf with his fiance and Mrs. Palfrey, and is scolded for his servants attraction to a country girl. There is an obvious division between the upper and lower carve up which is depicted in Mrs. Palfreys tr eatment of her servants and Sarah.The wise relations between male and female in the Victorian era are depicted in Charles behavior towards his fiance, for example he asks permission to see her alone in the conservatory. The treatment of women during this period is demonstrated in Sarah Woodruff, that she is labeled a whore, when in fact we find out later, she was as much a virgin as Charles former fiance.Charles falls in love with Sarah Woodruff, offering to pay for an asylum for her treatment. He ends his engagement, and interestingly he has to appear in a court and be labeled a scoundrel. When Sarah Woodruff disappears, he looks in London, waiting as the factory women get out of work at 500 p.m. Presumably, according to the history of this era from the Longman Anthology, most workers would have gone to work as early as 400 a.m. that morning (1826). The faces of the women provide a affecting message of the working conditions of that period. Charles also goes to a prostitution are a searching for Sarah. He does not find her there, but earlier in the film he had asked her why she didnt just leave Lyme and all the condemnation and accusations of the townsfolk. Sarah stated that if she went to London, she knew what she would become. In the film there are beggars in the streets and London is depicted as a dreary place to live.Sarah Woodruff, turns her name around to become Mrs. Roughwood and Charles eventually finds her.The contrast in this film is interesting as both actors sleep with each other though they both apparently have committed relationships. In the end, the male actor seems ready to forsake his marriage for a relationship with the actress, Anna. He mistakenly calls out Sarah when she leaves, so it appears he was having difficulty separating fact from fiction.This film was accurate historically in my opinion, with what I have read this term in the Longman Anthology which states that in the Victorian era working conditions necessitated reform in the 184 0s (1793). The Atlas of Literature describes London in the period in which this film is set as education and beggary, great spaces and cramped crooked streets, leisure and brute work, families and orphans (96).This film did an excellent job of contrasting the idle rich in the country and the upper class in London. There was a snobbery that was emphasized, using the servants versus their masters. The condemnation of Sarah Woodruff as a fallen woman was contrasted by the facts that later came out. The stark contrasts in England during the Industrial revolution were evident in this film and I felt it was an interesting piece of historical fiction.Works CitedBradbury, Malcolm, ed. The Atlas of Literature. invigorated York Stewart, Tabori and Chang, 1998.Damrosch, David, ed. The Longman Anthology of British Literature. New York Longman, 2000.The French Lieutenants Woman. Dir. Karel Reisz. Perf. Jeremy Irons and Meryl Streep. United Artists, 1981.

Stock Market Performance and Economic Activity Relationship

filiation market Performance and Economic Activity Relationship innovationThe cope of whether memory board grocery is associated with scotchal emergence or the computer storage commercialise groundwork be served as the scotch indicator to predict future. match to many economists business line grocery give the bounce be a reason for the future recession if at that place is a huge decrease in the roue set or vice versa. However, in that location argon certify of contr everywheresial eject to the mettlesomeest degree the ability of portent from the line commercialize is not steady-going if there is a situation like 1987 extend market crashed followed by the frugal recession and 1997 pecuniary crises. ( roue market and economicalal product in Malaysia precedent study).The aim of the bena is to muster the relation among the declination market performance and the real economic natural action in case of four countries The UK, The USA, Malaysi a and japan. With my extra knowledge I pick emerge tried to find verboten the habit of monetary out appendage in stimulating economic ripening. A lot of economists turn over diametric view active business market phylogenesis and the economic product.If we focus on some related literature published on this stem one psyche arisesIs economic culture is affected by mental strain market suppuration?Even though there be lots of debate on some be labeling that business line market can jockstrap the frugality simply the core of stock market in the parsimony especi bothy in the economy is actually little. Ross Levine suggested in his melodic theme published in 1998 that recent evidence suggested stock market can genuinely form a boom to economic growth. (REFERENCE)It is not really possible to pulse the growth by simply looking at the ups and down in the stock market indicator and by looking at the rates of growth in gross domestic product. A lot of things c an cause in the growth of stock market like changes in the banking system, foreign employment in the in the financial market may participate strongly. App arntly it seems that these developments can cause development of stock market followed by the good economic growth. But to check mark the accuracy one required to follow an appropriate rule which would momentfully measure whether stock expense is really effecting the economic growth or not?In my work I carry tried to find out the co integrating human descent amid Stock price and GDP and tried to check if there is a great act as and short run relationship amongst the stock price and GDP.The manner acting utilize for the studies is Engle sodbuster co integration method. To do this I have used ADF ( increase dickie-seat heavy try out) to check for the stationary conduct of the variables and then I have performed the Engle granger Engle farmer co integration method followed by residual based error subject model. To check for the short run relationship I have used 2nd stage Engle sodbuster co integration method.To check the causal effect of the four countries stock market and economic growth I used Granger Causality Method. In this paper I have reviewed some studies of scholars which I have discussed on the literature review part. This paper contains five parts office dickens is astir(predicate) the literature based on the past wok of scholars. Part Three discussed about the Data. Part four is about the methodology, Results are discussed on part five and part six is all about the summary and oddment of the whole conceive.In my work I have constituteed there is no wide run relationship amid stock market and economic growth in all four countries. In assenting there is no causal relation amongst stock index yield and the national economy growth rate. The empirical allows of the thesis concludes that the possibility of on the face of it abnormal relationship between the stock index and national economy of these for countries.Literature ReviewStock market contributes to economic growth in different ways any directly or indirectly. The functions of stock market are savings mobilization, Liquidity creation, and chance diversification, keep control on disin b parliamentary procedureediation, information gaining and heighten incentive for corporate control. The relationship between stock market and economic growth has be scram an issue of extensive analysis. There is always a question whether the stock market directly influence economic growth. A lot of investigate and bequeaths shows that there is a strong relationship between stock market and economic growth. Evidence on whether financial development causes growth help to reconcile these views.If we go fanny to the study of Schumpeter (1912) his studies emphasizes the despotic influence on the development of a countrys financial field on the direct and the capableness risk of losses caused by the inauspic ious selection and moral hazard or traffic costs are argued by him how necessary the rate of growth argues that financial sectors provides of reallocating capital to minimize the potential losses.Empirical evidence from king and Levine (1983) show that the take of financial intermediation is good predictor of presbyopic run rates of growth, capital accumulation and productivity. heighten liquidity of financial market leads to financial development and investors can easily diversify their risk by creating their portfolio in different investments with high investment. Demiurgic and Maksimovic (1996) have order positive causal effects of financial development on economic growth in line with the supply leading theory. According to his studies countries with better financial system has a smooth functioning stock market tend to grow much faster as they have admittance to much needed funds for financially constrained economic enterprises by the large efficient banks.Related researc h was make for the past three decades foc use on the role of financial development in stimulating economic growth they never considered about the stock market. An empirical study by Ming Men and Rui on Stock market index and economic growth in China suggest that possible reason of apparent abnormal relationship between the stock top executive and national economy in china. Apparent abnormal relationship may be because of the following reason in incorporateency of Chinese GDP with the structure of its stock market, role played by private sector in growth of GDP and disequilibrium of finance structure etc. The study was through using the cointegration method and Granger spring seek, the overall finding of the study is Chinese finance market is not playing an essential role in economic development. (Men M 2006 China paper).An article by Indrani Chakraborti based on the case of India presented in a seminar in kolkata in October, 2006 provides some information about the existence o f considerable run stable relationship between stosk market capitalization, bank credit and growth rate of real GDP. She used the concept of the granger origin later on using two the Engle-Granger and Johansen technique. In her study she represent GDP is co- combine with financial depth, Volatility in the stock market and GDP growth is co interconnected with all the findings the paper explain that the in an overall sense, economic growth is the reson for financial development in India.(Chakraboty Indrani).Few writers from Malaysia found that stock market does help to predict future economy. Stock market is associated with economic growth play as a source for new private capital. Causal relationship between the stock market and economic growth which was done by using the formal test for causality by C.J. Granger and yearly Malaysia data for the expiration 1977-2006. The result from the study explain that future prediction is possible by stock market.A study focused on the rela tionship between stock market performance and real economic activity in Turkey. The study shows existence of a vast run relationship between real economic activity and stock prices Result from the study pointed out that economic activity increases later on a shock in stock prices and then declines in Turkish market from the second quarter and a unit of measurementary (Turkish paper)An international eon serial analysis from 1980-1990 by By RAGHURAM G. RAJAN AND LUIGI ZINGALES shows some evidence of the relation between stock market and economic growth. This paper describes whether economic growth is facilitated by financial development. He found that financial development has strong effect on economic growth. (Rajan and Zingales, 1998)The study of Ross LEVINE AND SARA ZERVOS on finding out the long run relationship between stock market and bank suggest a positive effect both(prenominal) the variables has positive effect on economic growth. International integration and volatil ity is not properly effected by capital stock market. And private save saving rates are not at all affected by these financial indicators. (Levine and Zervos 1998)Belgium Stock market study with economic development shows the positive long run relationship between both the variables. In case of Belgium the evidences are quiet strong that Economic growth is caused by the development of the stock market. It is more focused between the detail 1873 and 1935, basically this period is considered as the period of rapid industrialization in Belgium. The importance of the stock market in Belgium is more pronounced after liberalization of the stock market in 1867-1873. The time varying nature of the link between stock market development and economic growth is explained by the institutional change in the stock trade. They also tried to find out the relationship to the world-wide banking system. Before 1873 the economic growth was based on the banking system and after 1873 stock market took the place. (Stock Market Development and economic growth in Belgium, Stijin vanguard Nieuwerburg, Ludo Cuyvers, Frans Buelens July 5, 2005)Senior economist of the World Banks Policy research department Ross Levine has discussed about Stock market in his paper Stock Markets A Spur to economic growth on the impact of development. Less inquisitive investments are possible in liquid equity market and it attracts the savers to acquire an asset, equity. As they can grapple it quickly when they need access to their savings, and if they want to convert their portfolio. Though many long term investment is required for the profitable investment. But reluctance of the investors towards long term investment as they dont have the access to their savings easily. Permanent access to capital is raised by the companies through equity issues as they are facilitating longer term, more profitable investments and prospect of long term economic growth is enhanced as liquid market improves the allocat ion of capital. The empirical evidence from the study strongly suggests that greater stock markets seduce more liquidity or at least continue economic growth. (Levine. R A spur track to economic Growth)Another paper was focused on the linkages between financial development and economic growth using TYDL model for the empirical exercises by Purna Chandra Padhan suggests that both stock price and economic activity are corporate of grade one and Johansen-Juselias Coin-integration tests for this study found one co integrating vector exists. It is turn up by the spurious relation rule in this study the existence of at least one manner of causality. He described that bi-directional causality between stock price and economic growth meaning that economic activity can be enhanced by well developed stock exchange and vice-versa.( TitleThe nexus between stock market and economic activity an empirical analysis for India Author(s) Purna Chandra Padhan daybook International Journal of Socia l Economics yr 2007 Volume 34 Issue 10 scallywag 741 753 DOI 10.1108/03068290710816874 Publisher Emerald Group Publishing Limited)Chee Keong Choong (Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Malaysia) Zulkornain Yusop (Universiti Putra Malaysia) Siong Hook Law (Universiti Putra Malaysia) Venus Liew Khim Sen (Universiti Putra Malaysia) Date of creation 23 Jul 2003 tried to find out the importance of the causal relationship of fiscal development and economic growth. The findings of their study usin autoregressive Distributed lag (ARDL) describes about the positive long run impact on economic growth Granger causality also suggest same results.However, another study on Iran by N. Shahnoushi, A.G Daneshvar, E Shori and M. Motalebi 2008 Financial development is not considered as an effective cistron to the economic growth. The study was focused on the causal relationship between the financial development and economic growth. Time series data used for the study from the period 1961-2004. Granger causality shows there is no co integrating relationship between financial development and economic growth in Iran altogether the economical growth leads to financial development.Establishing link between savings and investment is actually much important and financial market provides that. Transient or indestructible growth is the ultimate affect of the financial market. Economic growth can be influenced by financial market by improving the productivity of the capital, investing to firms can be channelled and greater capital accumulation by increasing savings. To ensure the stability of the financial market potential regulation is important due(p) to asymmetric information, especially at the time of financial liberalization.(Economic Development and Financial Market Tosson Nabil Deabes Moderm Academy for engine room aand computer sciences MAM November 2004 Economic Development Financial Market Working Paper No. 2 )DataThe empirical analysis was carried out using the every quar ter data for The UK, The USA, Japan and Malaysia. The data were collected from the DataStream for the period 1993I to 2008III. Economic growth is measured as the growth rate of gross domestic product (GDP) of apiece country with the help of stock prices SP. For the software affect I used Eviews 6.0 for the planned backsliding in order to get the results. The empirical analysis is done from the quarterly data from the stock market indices and the and the GDP between the source quarter of 1993 and the fourth quarter of 2008. All the data has been extracted from the data stream and verbalized in US$. The data for Japan packet price is from Tokyo Stock Exchange. Malaysias component part price is form Kuala Lumpur Composite Index, UKs is from UK FT all part price index and USA share price is taken from the DOW Jones industrial share price index.The nature of the Data is series used for the time series regression.List of VariablesUGDPUK GDPUSPUK Share priceLUGDP lumber of UK GDPLU SP log of UK Share priceUSGDPUSA GDPUSSPUSA (DOW Jones) Share priceLUSGDP put down of USA GDPLUSSPLog of USA Share priceMGDPMalaysia GDPMSPMalaysia Share priceLMGDPLog of Malaysia GDPLMSPLog of Malaysia Share priceJGDPJapan GDPJSPJapan Share PriceLJGDPLog of Japan GDPLJSPLog of Japan Share priceMethodologyEngle and Granger (1987) archetypal complete the cointegration method. It is a method of measuring long term diversification based on data. Linear combination of two non stationary series shows that they are integrated in order one I(1) that is stationary. And this is a co integrated series.Cointegration Long term common random rationalize between non stationary time series. The elongated combination of both the nonstationary series can be stationary if both the variables are integrated in same order. Cointegration is a very brawny flack in the long term analysis because a common stochastic trend is shared in cointegration that mean two series will not drift separately too mu ch. They might hive off from each(prenominal) other but in the long run but eventually the will turn back in the long run.If there is very low correlation between the series still the series can be co-integrated as high correlation is not implied in cointegration. The reason for choosing the method as it will allow us to check the move between the variable in the long run even there might be a divergence in the short run.The first step in the analysis is check each index series whether the series for the presence of unit starting time which shows whether the series is non stationary. The method that I followed to do this is Augmented Dickey sperm-filled runnel (ADF). I proceed the Granger cointegration technique 1987 when the stationary requirements are met.Cointegration long term common stochastic trend between nonstationary time series. If non-stationary series x and yare both integrated of same order and there is a linear combination of them that is stationary, they are cal led cointegrated series. A common stochastic trend is shared in Cointegration. It follows that these two series will not drift isolated too much, meaning that even they may deviate from each other in the short-term, they will turn to the long-run equilibrium. This fact makes cointegration a very powerful approach for the long-term analyses.Meanwhile, cointegration does not imply high correlation two series can be co integrated and yet have very low correlations. Cointegration tests allow us to make up ones mind whether financial variables of different national markets move together over the long run, while providing for the possibility of short-run divergence. The first step in the analysis is to test each index series for the presence of unit papers, which shows whether the series are nonstationary. All the series must be nonstationarity and integrated of the same order. To do this, we apply both the Augmented Dickey- awash(predicate) (ADF) test. Once the stationarity requireme nts are met, we proceed Granger bivariate cointegration (1987) procedure. 30 International Research Journal of Finance and Economics Issue 24 (2009)Series Stationary TestIn this study I have used Augmented Dickey egg-filled Test (ADF) to test the stationarity of variables. ADF is test for unit root where I have checked the Unit root and strong negative numbers of unit root is being rejected by the null hypothesis ( take aim of significance). The following regression for the unit root test in EviewsIs the white noise error tem. Is the dispute operator.,()()Here with the test we can find the estimates of are equal to zero or not. Y is express to be stationary if the cumulative distribution of the ADF statistics by showing that if the calculated ratio of the coefficient is little than the critical lever jibe to Fuller (1976). If we accept the Ho the sequence is predicted to be having unit root and if Ho is rejected then we can say that the series doesnt have unit root. This pro ves that the series is stationary. The co integration test can solely be performed if both the sequences are all integrated of order I (1).Cointegration TestAccording to Engle and Granger (1987) to check for cointegration if both the variables and are integrated with order one the proposed method for cointegration residual-based test for cointegration (Engle-Granger method).So from the above method we can find the equationBy regressing withAnd after that and is denoted as the estimated regression coefficient vectors.Then,= is representing the estimated residual vector. If the residual is itegrated with zero that path the series for the residual is stationary, and and are then co integrated.An in this situation (1, -) is called co-integrating vector.Therefore is a co integrating equation, so, from it we can say that there is long run relationship between and.Granger causality testGranger causality test is utilize if the relationship is lagged between the two variables to determin e the direction of relation in statistical term. It gives information about the short term relationship between the variables.In terms of conceptual commentary causality is consist of different ideas, this concept produce a relation between caused and results were agreed upon. Aristo defines that there exist a link between causes and results and without causes these results are impossible. And this strong relationship. approximately economists believe that the idea of causality is the mix of both theoretical and explanation and statistical concept. The frontline operational translation of causality is given by some economist, but Granger is the one who provided the information to down the stairsstand it correctly and completely.Granger s operational causality definition depends of below hypotheses, future(a) cannot be the reason of past.1. Next cannot be reason of past. Certain causality is possible only with past causes present time or future time. Cause is always to be come tru e before the result. In addition, this makes time lagged between causes and results.2. Causality can be determined only stochastic process. It is not possible to determine the causality between two deterministic processes.After 1990s, Granger and Engle contributed to time series literature importantly. On these developments about time series analysis, some variations were done with Granger Causality test. According to this, possible long-term relationship would be tested and if 20 variables were co-integrated, long-term regression error equation s lagged mensurate would be included in Granger Error Correction model as error rectification term. Thus, Granger Causality test should be applied.If there is no co-integration between the variables, it can be continued with Granger Causality Test without including error correction terms. If there is a co-integration between the variables, Granger Causality Test will be failed and it will be certainly necessary to be included error correct ion term into the models. Granger Causality Test, which depends on time series data, is made by the estimation of the equations below with Least Squares Method (LSM).Xt = + j t j X + i t i Y + UtYt = + j t j Y + j t j X + UtIn Granger Causality test, there are three possible situations that one directional causality from x to y or y to x, opposite direction between x and y or one affect to other and independency of x and y each other. This situation changes according to chosen of null hypothesis and lagged levers willy-nilly in equations above whose parameters are whether equal to zero or not. According to researches, randomly choice makes causality incline to deviations importantly.To understand this test clearly it can be talked about below equationt (LNGDP) = 0 + t inii (LNGDP)1+ t I nii (LND1)1+ UtTo apply Granger Causality test under null hypothesis, which illustrates coefficients of financial deepening variables (LND1) are meaningful (equal to zero) and then F-statistics can be calculated. If null hypothesis is not rejected then it is possible to say that Granger causalitytest accepts that financial deepening causes economic growth. The direction can be either negative or positive (Granger and Engle, 1987). Indicators of the economic growth and the financial deepening are variables, which are used for Granger Causality test. Moreover, this test can determine the effects of one variable on the other.Test result for Unit RootAugmented Dickey Fuller Model (ADF) is used to test the stationary of each variable. Null and alternative hypothesis describes about the investigation of unit root. If the null is accepted and alternative is rejected then the variable non stationary conduct and vice versa is stationary. Form the result of Augmented Dickey Fuller test of the four countries variables (Log GDP and Log Share price) shows that the entire variable has unit root at direct which proves that the series is not stationary. However, the result from the first va riance shows the significance at 1%, 5% and 10% critical observe and found to be stationary behaviour. Therefore, it suggests that all the variables are integrated of order one.Variableslevel/1st deflexionAugmented Dickey Fuller Statistic(ADF) test Japandecisivenesst statisticvalueWith Trendt statisticvalueWith trend and interpose1%5%10%1%5%10%GDPlevel-2.653258-3.522887-2.901779-2.588280-2.693600-4.088713-3.472558-3.1634501st exit-9.053185-3.524233-2.902358-2.588587-9.003482-4.090602-3.473447-3.163967Share Price train-2.116137-3.522887-2.901779-2.588280-2.203273-4.088713-3.472558-3.1634501st distinction-6.899295-3.524233-2.902358-2.588587-6.844396-4.090602-3.473447-3.163967Table 01 Unit root test for stationary JapanIf we have a look on the unit root test for the variables GDP and Share price to find out the stationary behaviour the Augmented Dickey Fuller Test with contain and with quit and trend in level and first release. The t statistic value with trend is -2.653258 which is higher(prenominal) than the critical values in 1%, 5% and 10% critical value. The same applies with mediate and trend as the t statistic value -2.693600 is higher than the critical value in all the level of critical value. So from the nature of stationary behaviour we can say in level GDP shows nonstationary behaviour. And the first difference LnGDP is integrated with order one. In case of LnSP the results with beleaguer and with intercept trend in level are -2.116137 and -2.203273 which is higher than the critical values shows non stationary behaviour as they are higher than the critical value. The unit root test for the variables at first difference shows stationary as the t statistic value is than the critical value in all level and they are integrated in order one.Variableslevel/1stDifferenceAugmented Dickey Fuller Statistic(ADF) test Malaysia finishingt statisticvalueWith Trendt statisticvalueWith trend andIntercept1%5%10%1%5%10%GDP take aim-1.195020-3.522887-2.901779-2.58 8280-1.933335-4.088713-3.472558-3.1634501st Difference-5.951843-3.524233-2.902358-2.588587-5.923595-4.090602-3.473447-3.163967Share Pricelevel-1.900406-3.522887-2.901779-2.588280-1.891183-4.088713-3.472558-3.1634501st Difference-7.842122-3.524233-2.902358-2.588587-7.779757-4.090602-3.473447-3.163967The unit root test result for LMGDP and LMSP values presented in natural logarithm. And the level values with intercept and with intercept and trend for LMGDP is -1.195020 and -1.93335 respectively. The values are higher than the critical value means the series has non stationary behaviour. On the other hand the 1st difference values with intercept and with intercept and trend are -5.951843 and -5.923595 respectively. The 1st difference values are integrated with order one. And in the same way I did the ADF test to check for Stationary behaviour of LMSP in level and first difference with intercept and trend. The values in level are -1.900406 and -1.891183 with intercept and trend us highe r than the critical value and the series is not integrated with order one. The first difference t statistic values are -7.842122 and -7.779757 with intercept and with intercept and trend respectively are less than the critical value in both the case implies that the series is integrated with order one.Variableslevel/1stDifferenceAugmented Dickey Fuller Statistic(ADF) test UKConclusiont statisticvalueWith Trendt statisticvalueWith trend andIntercept1%5%10%1%5%10%GDPLevel-0.690866-3.522887-2.901779-2.588280-2.377333-4.088713-3.472558-3.1634501st Difference-7.474388-3.524233-2.902358-2.588587-7.439027-4.090602-3.473447-3.163967Share PriceLevel-1.711599-3.522887-2.901779-2.588280-1.261546-4.088713-3.472558-3.1634501st Difference-7.254574-3.524233-2.902358-2.588587-7.391821-4.090602-3.473447-3.163967The results from Augmented Dickey Fuller test (ADF) for UK GDP in level with intercept and with intercept and trend is 0.690866 and -2.377333 respectively. Both the values in level are higher than the critical value and are integrated in order 0 shows non stationary behaviour. The t statistic values in 1st difference with intercept and with intercept and trend are -7.474388 and -7.439207 respectively. Which suggest that the critical values are less than the critical values in 1%, 5% and 10% level. So from the above hypothesis it can be said that it series is integrated with order one. When I performed the unit root test using the same method the series in level with intercept and with intercept and trend the values in are -1.711599 and -1.261546 respectively. The values are higher than the critical values implies that they are not integrated in order one shows non stationary behaviour. However, the 1st difference value of log natural share price is -7.254573 and -7.391821 with intercept and with intercept and trend respectively. So from the result we can say that the series is integrated in order one in both the cases with intercept and with intercept and trend. So the series in first difference is stationary.Variableslevel/1stDifferenceAugmented Dickey Fuller Statistic(ADF) test USAConclusiont statisticvalueWith Trendt statisticvalueWith trend andIntercept1%5%10%1%5%10%GDPLevel-3.244801-3.522887-2.901779-2.5882802.866507-4.088713-3.472558-3.1634501st Difference-5.010864-3.524233-2.902358-2.588587-5.010864-4.090602-3.473447-3.163967Share PriceLevel-2.074732-3.522887-2.901779-2.588280-0.359637-4.088713-3.472558-3.1634501st Difference-8.181234-3.524233-2.902358-2.588587-8.735399-4.090602-3.473447-3.163967Augmented Dickey Fuller Statistic in case of the variable of USA LUSSP and LUGDP I have used the same method using intercept and intercept and trend in level and first difference. ThStock Market Performance and Economic Activity RelationshipStock Market Performance and Economic Activity RelationshipIntroductionThe debate of whether stock market is associated with economic growth or the stock market can be served as the economic indicator to predict future. According to many economists stock market can be a reason for the future recession if there is a huge decrease in the stock price or vice versa. However, there are evidence of controversial issue about the ability of prediction from the stock market is not reliable if there is a situation like 1987 stock market crashed followed by the economic recession and 1997 financial crises. (Stock market and economic growth in Malaysia causality test).The aim of the study is to find the relation between the stock market performance and the real economic activity in case of four countries The UK, The USA, Malaysia and Japan. With my limited knowledge I have tried to find out the role of financial development in stimulating economic growth. A lot of economists have different view about stock market development and the economic growth.If we focus on some related literature published on this topic one question arisesIs economic development is affected by stock market development?Even thoug h there are lots of debate on some are saying that stock market can help the economy but the effect of stock market in the economy especially in the economy is very little. Ross Levine suggested in his paper published in 1998 that recent evidence suggested stock market can really give a boom to economic growth. (REFERENCE)It is not really possible to measure the growth by simply looking at the ups and down in the stock market indicator and by looking at the rates of growth in GDP. A lot of things can cause in the growth of stock market like changes in the banking system, foreign participation in the in the financial market may participate strongly. Apparently it seems that these developments can cause development of stock market followed by the good economic growth. But to check the accuracy one required to follow an appropriate method which would meaningfully measure whether stock price is really effecting the economic growth or not?In my work I have tried to find out the co integr ating relationship between Stock price and GDP and tried to check if there is a long run and short run relationship between the stock price and GDP.The method used for the studies is Engle Granger co integration method. To do this I have used ADF (Augmented Dickey Fuller Test) to check for the stationary behaviour of the variables and then I have performed the Engle Granger Engle Granger co integration method followed by residual based error correction model. To check for the short run relationship I have used 2nd stage Engle Granger co integration method.To check the causal effect of the four countries stock market and economic growth I used Granger Causality Method. In this paper I have reviewed some studies of scholars which I have discussed on the literature review part. This paper contains five partsPart two is about the literature based on the past wok of scholars. Part Three discussed about the Data. Part four is about the methodology, Results are discussed on part five and p art six is all about the summary and conclusion of the whole study.In my work I have founded there is no long run relationship between stock market and economic growth in all four countries. In addition there is no causal relation between stock index yield and the national economy growth rate. The empirical results of the thesis concludes that the possibility of seemingly abnormal relationship between the stock index and national economy of these for countries.Literature ReviewStock market contributes to economic growth in different ways either directly or indirectly. The functions of stock market are savings mobilization, Liquidity creation, and Risk diversification, keep control on disintermediation, information gaining and enhanced incentive for corporate control. The relationship between stock market and economic growth has become an issue of extensive analysis. There is always a question whether the stock market directly influence economic growth. A lot of research and results shows that there is a strong relationship between stock market and economic growth. Evidence on whether financial development causes growth help to reconcile these views.If we go back to the study of Schumpeter (1912) his studies emphasizes the positive influence on the development of a countrys financial sector on the level and the potential risk of losses caused by the adverse selection and moral hazard or transaction costs are argued by him how necessary the rate of growth argues that financial sectors provides of reallocating capital to minimize the potential losses.Empirical evidence from king and Levine (1983) show that the level of financial intermediation is good predictor of long run rates of growth, capital accumulation and productivity. Enhanced liquidity of financial market leads to financial development and investors can easily diversify their risk by creating their portfolio in different investments with higher investment. Demiurgic and Maksimovic (1996) have found pos itive causal effects of financial development on economic growth in line with the supply leading hypothesis. According to his studies countries with better financial system has a smooth functioning stock market tend to grow much faster as they have access to much needed funds for financially constrained economic enterprises by the large efficient banks.Related research was done for the past three decades focusing on the role of financial development in stimulating economic growth they never considered about the stock market. An empirical study by Ming Men and Rui on Stock market index and economic growth in China suggest that possible reason of apparent abnormal relationship between the stock Index and national economy in china. Apparent abnormal relationship may be because of the following reason inconsistency of Chinese GDP with the structure of its stock market, role played by private sector in growth of GDP and disequilibrium of finance structure etc. The study was done using th e cointegration method and Granger causality test, the overall finding of the study is Chinese finance market is not playing an important role in economic development. (Men M 2006 China paper).An article by Indrani Chakraborti based on the case of India presented in a seminar in kolkata in October, 2006 provides some information about the existence of long run stable relationship between stosk market capitalization, bank credit and growth rate of real GDP. She used the concept of the granger causality after using both the Engle-Granger and Johansen technique. In her study she found GDP is co-integrated with financial depth, Volatility in the stock market and GDP growth is co integrated with all the findings the paper explain that the in an overall sense, economic growth is the reson for financial development in India.(Chakraboty Indrani).Few writers from Malaysia found that stock market does help to predict future economy. Stock market is associated with economic growth play as a so urce for new private capital. Causal relationship between the stock market and economic growth which was done by using the formal test for causality by C.J. Granger and yearly Malaysia data for the period 1977-2006. The result from the study explain that future prediction is possible by stock market.A study focused on the relationship between stock market performance and real economic activity in Turkey. The study shows existence of a long run relationship between real economic activity and stock prices Result from the study pointed out that economic activity increases after a shock in stock prices and then declines in Turkish market from the second quarter and a unitary (Turkish paper)An international time series analysis from 1980-1990 by By RAGHURAM G. RAJAN AND LUIGI ZINGALES shows some evidence of the relation between stock market and economic growth. This paper describes whether economic growth is facilitated by financial development. He found that financial development has st rong effect on economic growth. (Rajan and Zingales, 1998)The study of Ross LEVINE AND SARA ZERVOS on finding out the long run relationship between stock market and bank suggest a positive effect both the variables has positive effect on economic growth. International integration and volatility is not properly effected by capital stock market. And private save saving rates are not at all affected by these financial indicators. (Levine and Zervos 1998)Belgium Stock market study with economic development shows the positive long run relationship between both the variables. In case of Belgium the evidences are quiet strong that Economic growth is caused by the development of the stock market. It is more focused between the period 1873 and 1935, basically this period is considered as the period of rapid industrialization in Belgium. The importance of the stock market in Belgium is more pronounced after liberalization of the stock market in 1867-1873. The time varying nature of the link b etween stock market development and economic growth is explained by the institutional change in the stock exchange. They also tried to find out the relationship to the universal banking system. Before 1873 the economic growth was based on the banking system and after 1873 stock market took the place. (Stock Market Development and economic growth in Belgium, Stijin Van Nieuwerburg, Ludo Cuyvers, Frans Buelens July 5, 2005)Senior economist of the World Banks Policy research department Ross Levine has discussed about Stock market in his paper Stock Markets A Spur to economic growth on the impact of development. Less risky investments are possible in liquid equity market and it attracts the savers to acquire an asset, equity. As they can sell it quickly when they need access to their savings, and if they want to alter their portfolio. Though many long term investment is required for the profitable investment. But reluctance of the investors towards long term investment as they dont have the access to their savings easily. Permanent access to capital is raised by the companies through equity issues as they are facilitating longer term, more profitable investments and prospect of long term economic growth is enhanced as liquid market improves the allocation of capital. The empirical evidence from the study strongly suggests that greater stock markets create more liquidity or at least continue economic growth. (Levine. R A spur to economic Growth)Another paper was focused on the linkages between financial development and economic growth using TYDL model for the empirical exercises by Purna Chandra Padhan suggests that both stock price and economic activity are integrated of order one and Johansen-Juselias Coin-integration tests for this study found one co integrating vector exists. It is proved by the spurious relation rule in this study the existence of at least one direction of causality. He described that bi-directional causality between stock price and economic g rowth meaning that economic activity can be enhanced by well developed stock exchange and vice-versa.( TitleThe nexus between stock market and economic activity an empirical analysis for India Author(s) Purna Chandra Padhan Journal International Journal of Social Economics Year 2007 Volume 34 Issue 10Page 741 753 DOI 10.1108/03068290710816874 Publisher Emerald Group Publishing Limited)Chee Keong Choong (Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Malaysia) Zulkornain Yusop (Universiti Putra Malaysia) Siong Hook Law (Universiti Putra Malaysia) Venus Liew Khim Sen (Universiti Putra Malaysia) Date of creation 23 Jul 2003 tried to find out the importance of the causal relationship of Financial development and economic growth. The findings of their study usin autoregressive Distributed lag (ARDL) describes about the positive long run impact on economic growth Granger causality also suggest same results.However, another study on Iran by N. Shahnoushi, A.G Daneshvar, E Shori and M. Motalebi 2008 Financ ial development is not considered as an effective factor to the economic growth. The study was focused on the causal relationship between the financial development and economic growth. Time series data used for the study from the period 1961-2004. Granger causality shows there is no co integrating relationship between financial development and economic growth in Iran only the economical growth leads to financial development.Establishing link between savings and investment is very much important and financial market provides that. Transient or lasting growth is the ultimate affect of the financial market. Economic growth can be influenced by financial market by improving the productivity of the capital, Investment to firms can be channelled and greater capital accumulation by increasing savings. To ensure the stability of the financial market potential regulation is important due to asymmetric information, especially at the time of financial liberalization.(Economic Development and F inancial Market Tosson Nabil Deabes Moderm Academy for technology aand computer sciences MAM November 2004 Economic Development Financial Market Working Paper No. 2 )DataThe empirical analysis was carried out using the quarterly data for The UK, The USA, Japan and Malaysia. The data were collected from the DataStream for the period 1993I to 2008III. Economic growth is measured as the growth rate of gross domestic product (GDP) of each country with the help of stock prices SP. For the software processing I used Eviews 6.0 for the planned regression in order to get the results. The empirical analysis is done from the quarterly data from the stock market indices and the and the GDP between the first quarter of 1993 and the fourth quarter of 2008. All the data has been extracted from the data stream and expressed in US$. The data for Japan share price is from Tokyo Stock Exchange. Malaysias Share price is form Kuala Lumpur Composite Index, UKs is from UK FT all share price index and US A share price is taken from the DOW Jones industrial share price index.The nature of the Data is series used for the time series regression.List of VariablesUGDPUK GDPUSPUK Share priceLUGDPLog of UK GDPLUSPLog of UK Share priceUSGDPUSA GDPUSSPUSA (DOW Jones) Share priceLUSGDPLog of USA GDPLUSSPLog of USA Share priceMGDPMalaysia GDPMSPMalaysia Share priceLMGDPLog of Malaysia GDPLMSPLog of Malaysia Share priceJGDPJapan GDPJSPJapan Share PriceLJGDPLog of Japan GDPLJSPLog of Japan Share priceMethodologyEngle and Granger (1987) first established the cointegration method. It is a method of measuring long term diversification based on data. Linear combination of two non stationary series shows that they are integrated in order one I(1) that is stationary. And this is a co integrated series.Cointegration Long term common random trend between non stationary time series. The linear combination of both the nonstationary series can be stationary if both the variables are integrated in same orde r. Cointegration is a very powerful approach in the long term analysis because a common stochastic trend is shared in cointegration that mean two series will not drift separately too much. They might deviate from each other but in the long run but eventually the will revert back in the long run.If there is very low correlation between the series still the series can be co-integrated as high correlation is not implied in cointegration. The reason for choosing the method as it will allow us to check the move between the variable in the long run even there might be a divergence in the short run.The first step in the analysis is check each index series whether the series for the presence of unit root which shows whether the series is non stationary. The method that I followed to do this is Augmented Dickey Fuller Test (ADF). I proceed the Granger cointegration technique 1987 when the stationary requirements are met.Cointegration long term common stochastic trend between nonstationary ti me series. If non-stationary series x and yare both integrated of same order and there is a linear combination of them that is stationary, they are called cointegrated series. A common stochastic trend is shared in Cointegration. It follows that these two series will not drift apart too much, meaning that even they may deviate from each other in the short-term, they will revert to the long-run equilibrium. This fact makes cointegration a very powerful approach for the long-term analyses.Meanwhile, cointegration does not imply high correlation two series can be co integrated and yet have very low correlations. Cointegration tests allow us to determine whether financial variables of different national markets move together over the long run, while providing for the possibility of short-run divergence. The first step in the analysis is to test each index series for the presence of unit roots, which shows whether the series are nonstationary. All the series must be nonstationarity and i ntegrated of the same order. To do this, we apply both the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test. Once the stationarity requirements are met, we proceed Granger bivariate cointegration (1987) procedure. 30 International Research Journal of Finance and Economics Issue 24 (2009)Series Stationary TestIn this study I have used Augmented Dickey Fuller Test (ADF) to test the stationarity of variables. ADF is test for unit root where I have checked the Unit root and strong negative numbers of unit root is being rejected by the null hypothesis (level of significance). The following regression for the unit root test in EviewsIs the white noise error tem. Is the difference operator.,()()Here with the test we can find the estimates of are equal to zero or not. Y is said to be stationary if the cumulative distribution of the ADF statistics by showing that if the calculated ratio of the coefficient is less than the critical value according to Fuller (1976). If we accept the Ho the sequence is pred icted to be having unit root and if Ho is rejected then we can say that the series doesnt have unit root. This proves that the series is stationary. The co integration test can only be performed if both the sequences are all integrated of order I (1).Cointegration TestAccording to Engle and Granger (1987) to check for cointegration if both the variables and are integrated with order one the proposed method for cointegration residual-based test for cointegration (Engle-Granger method).So from the above method we can find the equationBy regressing withAnd after that and is denoted as the estimated regression coefficient vectors.Then,= is representing the estimated residual vector. If the residual is itegrated with zero that means the series for the residual is stationary, and and are then co integrated.An in this situation (1, -) is called co-integrating vector.Therefore is a co integrating equation, so, from it we can say that there is long run relationship between and.Granger caus ality testGranger causality test is applied if the relationship is lagged between the two variables to determine the direction of relation in statistical term. It gives information about the short term relationship between the variables.In terms of conceptual definition causality is consist of different ideas, this concept produce a relation between caused and results were agreed upon. Aristo defines that there exist a link between causes and results and without causes these results are impossible. And this strong relationship.Some economists believe that the idea of causality is the mix of both theoretical and explanation and statistical concept. The frontline operational definition of causality is given by some economist, but Granger is the one who provided the information to understand it correctly and completely.Granger s operational causality definition depends of below hypotheses,Next cannot be the reason of past.1. Next cannot be reason of past. Certain causality is possible only with past causes present time or future time. Cause is always to be come true before the result. In addition, this makes time lagged between causes and results.2. Causality can be determined only stochastic process. It is not possible to determine the causality between two deterministic processes.After 1990s, Granger and Engle contributed to time series literature importantly. On these developments about time series analysis, some variations were done with Granger Causality test. According to this, possible long-term relationship would be tested and if 20 variables were co-integrated, long-term regression error equation s lagged value would be included in Granger Error Correction model as error correction term. Thus, Granger Causality test should be applied.If there is no co-integration between the variables, it can be continued with Granger Causality Test without including error correction terms. If there is a co-integration between the variables, Granger Causality Test will b e failed and it will be certainly necessary to be included error correction term into the models. Granger Causality Test, which depends on time series data, is made by the estimation of the equations below with Least Squares Method (LSM).Xt = + j t j X + i t i Y + UtYt = + j t j Y + j t j X + UtIn Granger Causality test, there are three possible situations that one directional causality from x to y or y to x, opposite direction between x and y or one affect to other and independency of x and y each other. This situation changes according to chosen of null hypothesis and lagged values randomly in equations above whose parameters are whether equal to zero or not. According to researches, randomly choice makes causality incline to deviations importantly.To understand this test clearly it can be talked about below equationt (LNGDP) = 0 + t inii (LNGDP)1+ t I nii (LND1)1+ UtTo apply Granger Causality test under null hypothesis, which illustrates coefficients of financial deepening variab les (LND1) are meaningful (equal to zero) and then F-statistics canbe calculated. If null hypothesis is not rejected then it is possible to say that Granger causalitytest accepts that financial deepening causes economic growth. The direction can be either negative or positive (Granger and Engle, 1987). Indicators of the economic growth and the financial deepening are variables, which are used for Granger Causality test. Moreover, this test can determine the effects of one variable on the other.Test result for Unit RootAugmented Dickey Fuller Model (ADF) is used to test the stationary of each variable. Null and alternative hypothesis describes about the investigation of unit root. If the null is accepted and alternative is rejected then the variable non stationary behaviour and vice versa is stationary. Form the result of Augmented Dickey Fuller test of the four countries variables (Log GDP and Log Share price) shows that the entire variable has unit root at level which proves that t he series is not stationary. However, the result from the first difference shows the significance at 1%, 5% and 10% critical value and found to be stationary behaviour. Therefore, it suggests that all the variables are integrated of order one.Variableslevel/1stDifferenceAugmented Dickey Fuller Statistic(ADF) test JapanConclusiont statisticvalueWith Trendt statisticvalueWith trend andIntercept1%5%10%1%5%10%GDPLevel-2.653258-3.522887-2.901779-2.588280-2.693600-4.088713-3.472558-3.1634501st Difference-9.053185-3.524233-2.902358-2.588587-9.003482-4.090602-3.473447-3.163967Share PriceLevel-2.116137-3.522887-2.901779-2.588280-2.203273-4.088713-3.472558-3.1634501st Difference-6.899295-3.524233-2.902358-2.588587-6.844396-4.090602-3.473447-3.163967Table 01 Unit root test for stationary JapanIf we have a look on the unit root test for the variables GDP and Share price to find out the stationary behaviour the Augmented Dickey Fuller Test with intercept and with intercept and trend in level and first difference. The t statistic value with trend is -2.653258 which is higher than the critical values in 1%, 5% and 10% critical value. The same applies with intercept and trend as the t statistic value -2.693600 is higher than the critical value in all the level of critical value. So from the nature of stationary behaviour we can say in level GDP shows nonstationary behaviour. And the first difference LnGDP is integrated with order one. In case of LnSP the results with intercept and with intercept trend in level are -2.116137 and -2.203273 which is higher than the critical values shows non stationary behaviour as they are higher than the critical value. The unit root test for the variables at first difference shows stationary as the t statistic value is than the critical value in all level and they are integrated in order one.Variableslevel/1stDifferenceAugmented Dickey Fuller Statistic(ADF) test MalaysiaConclusiont statisticvalueWith Trendt statisticvalueWith trend andIntercep t1%5%10%1%5%10%GDPLevel-1.195020-3.522887-2.901779-2.588280-1.933335-4.088713-3.472558-3.1634501st Difference-5.951843-3.524233-2.902358-2.588587-5.923595-4.090602-3.473447-3.163967Share PriceLevel-1.900406-3.522887-2.901779-2.588280-1.891183-4.088713-3.472558-3.1634501st Difference-7.842122-3.524233-2.902358-2.588587-7.779757-4.090602-3.473447-3.163967The unit root test result for LMGDP and LMSP values presented in natural logarithm. And the level values with intercept and with intercept and trend for LMGDP is -1.195020 and -1.93335 respectively. The values are higher than the critical value means the series has non stationary behaviour. On the other hand the 1st difference values with intercept and with intercept and trend are -5.951843 and -5.923595 respectively. The 1st difference values are integrated with order one. And in the same way I did the ADF test to check for Stationary behaviour of LMSP in level and first difference with intercept and trend. The values in level are -1 .900406 and -1.891183 with intercept and trend us higher than the critical value and the series is not integrated with order one. The first difference t statistic values are -7.842122 and -7.779757 with intercept and with intercept and trend respectively are less than the critical value in both the case implies that the series is integrated with order one.Variableslevel/1stDifferenceAugmented Dickey Fuller Statistic(ADF) test UKConclusiont statisticvalueWith Trendt statisticvalueWith trend andIntercept1%5%10%1%5%10%GDPLevel-0.690866-3.522887-2.901779-2.588280-2.377333-4.088713-3.472558-3.1634501st Difference-7.474388-3.524233-2.902358-2.588587-7.439027-4.090602-3.473447-3.163967Share PriceLevel-1.711599-3.522887-2.901779-2.588280-1.261546-4.088713-3.472558-3.1634501st Difference-7.254574-3.524233-2.902358-2.588587-7.391821-4.090602-3.473447-3.163967The results from Augmented Dickey Fuller test (ADF) for UK GDP in level with intercept and with intercept and trend is 0.690866 and -2.3 77333 respectively. Both the values in level are higher than the critical value and are integrated in order 0 shows non stationary behaviour. The t statistic values in 1st difference with intercept and with intercept and trend are -7.474388 and -7.439207 respectively. Which suggest that the critical values are less than the critical values in 1%, 5% and 10% level. So from the above hypothesis it can be said that it series is integrated with order one. When I performed the unit root test using the same method the series in level with intercept and with intercept and trend the values in are -1.711599 and -1.261546 respectively. The values are higher than the critical values implies that they are not integrated in order one shows non stationary behaviour. However, the 1st difference value of log natural share price is -7.254573 and -7.391821 with intercept and with intercept and trend respectively. So from the result we can say that the series is integrated in order one in both the cas es with intercept and with intercept and trend. So the series in first difference is stationary.Variableslevel/1stDifferenceAugmented Dickey Fuller Statistic(ADF) test USAConclusiont statisticvalueWith Trendt statisticvalueWith trend andIntercept1%5%10%1%5%10%GDPLevel-3.244801-3.522887-2.901779-2.5882802.866507-4.088713-3.472558-3.1634501st Difference-5.010864-3.524233-2.902358-2.588587-5.010864-4.090602-3.473447-3.163967Share PriceLevel-2.074732-3.522887-2.901779-2.588280-0.359637-4.088713-3.472558-3.1634501st Difference-8.181234-3.524233-2.902358-2.588587-8.735399-4.090602-3.473447-3.163967Augmented Dickey Fuller Statistic in case of the variable of USA LUSSP and LUGDP I have used the same method using intercept and intercept and trend in level and first difference. Th